Chapter 2 PPT - Neuroanatomy Overview + Basic Definitions Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Development of the nervous system:
the CNS is made up of the ______ + _______
A
brain + spinal cord
2
Q
Development of the nervous system:
the PNS is made up of
- ______ + ______
- ______ + ______
- _____
- _____
A
- cranial nerves + ganglia
- spinal nerves + dorsal root ganglia
- ANS
- enteric nervous system (part of the ANS that innervated digestive organs)
3
Q
Development of the nervous system:
At weeks 1-3 : the _______ develops from the amniotic sac. Forming the _____, ____, & _____.
A
embyronic disc
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
4
Q
Development of the nervous system:
At weeks _____ : the embryonic disc develops from the . Forming the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
A
1-3
endoderm
5
Q
Development of the nervous system:
at weeks ____the ectoderm is developed from the _____ and forms our ____ and ______
A
weeks 1-3
embryonic disc → forms our skin + nervous system***
6
Q
Development of the nervous system:
at weeks ____the mesoderm is developed from the _____ and forms our ____ and ______
A
weeks 1-3 , embryonic disc
forms our bones and muscles
7
Q
Development of the nervous system:
at weeks ____the endoderm is developed from the _____ and forms our ____ and ______
A
weeks 1-3, embyronic disc
forms our respiratory + digestive systems
8
Q
Development of the Nervous System: wks 1-3
Notochord = a cartilagenous tube that will eventually be absorbed into the spinal cord
Notochord develops from the _____ and stimulates the ectoderm to develop into the _____ , which eventually develops into the CNS and PNS
A
mesoderm
Neural plate
9
Q
Development of the Nervous System: wks ____
______ = a cartilaginous tube that will eventually be absorbed into the spinal cord
_____ develops from the mesoderm and stimulates the _____ to develop into the _____ , which eventually develops into the ___ and ___.
A
weeks 1-3
notochord
Notochord, ectoderm, neural plate -→ CNS and PNS
10
Q
Embryology Review:
The endoderm becomes: ____, ___, & ____
A
lining of digestive tract
columnar epithelial cells
liver cell
11
Q
Embryology Review:
The mesoderm becomes: ____, ____, ____, & ____
A
bones + muscles
skeletal muscle, endothelial cells, cardiac muscle, RBC’s
12
Q
Embryology Review:
The ectoderm becomes: ____, ___, & ____
A
skin + nervous system
Hair, Epithelial cells, neurons
13
Q
Development of the Nervous system: weeks ____
the neural plate forms along the ______
A
weeks 1-3
midline of embryo
14
Q
KNOW THIS
At weeks ________ : the neural plate forms along dorsal midline of embryo–Sinks into tissues to form neural groove with neural fold along each side
A
1-3
15
Q
Development of the Nervous System: wks 2-3
Neural plate develops ___ after _____
Neural groove with Neural folds develops by ____
Neural crest is located ______
A
6 days, fertilization
18 days
dorsolaterally
16
Q
Somites = primitive segments; a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of development
New somites are formed in a _____ sequence.
At the end of the ____, 40 somites are present. Somites eventually form _____.
A
craniocaudal
4th week
muscle
17
Q
Development of the Nervous System:
T/F - BOTH the CNS and the PNS arise from the ectoderm of the embyro
A
T! The ectoderm forms the skin + the nervous system, so this includes ANS and as well
18
Q
Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3
Neural plate
- By the end of _____ of embryonic life, the ectoderm has begun to thicken (caudally/dorsally/rostrally/ ventrally).
- This is the neural plate which shows a longitudinal groove along the middorsal line – the neural groove. The anterior end of the plate is much broader. This portion becomes the brain, while the narrower, caudal part forms the spinal cord.
A
day 19, dorsally
19
Q
Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3
Neural Plate
the Neural plate which shows a longitudinal groove along the _____. Which means the _____ also forms along the
The _____ end of the plate is much broader. This portion becomes ____, while the narrower, _____ part forms the _____.
A
middorsal line, neural groove.
anterior, the brain, caudal, spinal cord
20
Q
Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3
Neural plate–By the end of the 19th day of embryonic life, the ectoderm has begun to thicken dorsally. The neural plate which shows a longitudinal groove along the middorsal line – the neural groove. The anterior end of the plate is much broader. This portion becomes the brain, while the narrower, caudal part forms the spinal cord.
Neural groove–As the neural plate thickens and expands, its lateral edges are carried dorsally. These are the neural folds.
Neural folds–During the third week, the neural folds begin to meet and fuse along the middorsal line, forming the neural tube.
Neural tube–Neural tube remains open at both ends for a period of time, but by the end of the fourth week both ends close (rostral or anterior neuropore and the caudal or posterior neuropore
A
21
Q
Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3
Neural folds - During the _____ week, the neural folds begin to ____ along the middorsal line. Forming the ____
A
3rd week, meet and fuse
neural tube.
22
Q
Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3
The neural tube is formed at ____
A
3 weeks
23
Q
Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3
Neural tube
The neural tube remains open at both ends for a period of time, but by the ______both ends close. Applying directions to the portions of the tube that close, ______
A
end of the 4th week
(rostral or anterior neuropore + the caudal or posterior neuropore
24
Q
Development of the Nervous System:** **wks 2-3
Neural crest = thinned lateral margins of the _____
- the neural crest forms a form a temporary intermediate layer between the ____ and the ____
- Divide in the ____, migrate laterally and become segmented in cell clusters between the ____ and ____
A
neural plate
neural tube, surface ectoderm
midline, neural tube, the somites
25
**_Development of Nervous system :_****_wks 2-3_**
## Footnote
**The** ***neural crest*** **gives rise to _____ (the precursors of neurons) which differentiate into** ***three types of cells:***
(1) *afferent (sensory) neurons*;
(2) *postganglionic efferents neurons* of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
(3) *adrenal medulla*
*neuroblast*
26
**_Development of Nervous system:**_ _**wks 2-3_**
**Neural Ectoderm development:**
**The** ***neural crest*** **gives rise to _neuroblasts_ (the precursors of neurons) which differentiate into** ***three types of cells:***
(1) \_\_\_\_\_
(2) \_\_\_\_\_
(3) \_\_\_\_\_
(1) *afferent (sensory) neurons*;
(2) **POST**GANGLIONIC *efferents neurons* of the ANS
(3) *adrenal medulla*
27
**_Development of Nervous system:**_ _**wks 2-3_**
**Spongioblasts**
**spongioblasts are precursors of \_\_\_\_\_**
**Spongioblasts** differentiate from the _____ and form several types of supporting cells (aka. neuroglia)-→ MAINLY *capsule cells* and *Schwann cells*
* neuroglia (supporting cells)*
* neural crest*
28
Schwann cells are located in the _____ nervous system.
another name for schwann cells is \_\_\_\_, amd they are responsible for laying down the \_\_\_\_\_of ____ nerves.
* peripheral*
* neurilemma* *cells,* myelin sheath, peripheral
29
**_Development of the Nervous System:**_ _**wks 2-3_**
Neural crest gives rise to:
* ______ of the _(ventral/dorsal)_ root ganglia of the spinal nerve
* Cranial nerves and ganglia
* Peripheral cells of the ANS
* Skin pigment, teeth
Primary sensory neurons, dorsal
30
**_Development of the Nervous System:**_ _**wks 2-3_**
The following develop from with embryo structure?
* Primary sensory neurons of the DORSAL root ganglia of the spinal nerve
* Cranial nerves and their ganglia
* Peripheral cells of the ANS
* Skin pigment & teeth
neural crest
31
**_Development of the Nervous System:**_ _**wks 2-3_**
**_At day \_\_\_\_\_, the_** *Neural folds* roll & fuse Begins in ____ - then zips \_\_\_\_\_\_. This process creates the **\_\_\_\_\_**
26
cervical region; zips caudally & rostrally, **neural tube**
32
**_Development of the Nervous System:**_ _**wks 2-3_**
**\_\_\_\_\_\_** separates from ectoderm, sinks deeper, & grows processes that will form \_\_\_\_\_
**Neural tube,** motor nerve fibers
33
**_Development of the Nervous System:**_ _**wks 2-3_**
**At Day \_\_\_**
The **neural tube** separates from the \_\_\_\_\_, sinks deeper, & grows processes that will form \_\_\_\_\_
26,
**ectoderm**, motor nerve fibers
34
**_Development of the Nervous System:**_ _**wks 2-3_**
**At Day ___ , \_\_\_\_** fills with fluid. This fluid will become _____ & \_\_\_\_\_
26, Neural tube, *central canal* of spinal cord & *ventricles* of brain
35
What is this?
This is **_Electron Microscopy_** of a neural tube forming. Remember that neuralation occurs caudally (starts at c/s and moves caudally)
36
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
the **neural tube** develops into the \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, & \_\_\_\_
brain + spinal cord + ventricles (CSF)
37
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
The brain, spinal cord, and the ventricle (CSF) develop from the: \_\_\_\_
Neural tube
38
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
the brain, spinal cord, and ______ develop from the neural tube
ventricles (CSF)
39
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon develop develop from \_\_\_\_\_
the neural tube
40
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
the neural tube develops into the: \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, & \_\_\_\_
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon
41
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
the following develop from the \_\_\_\_\_
prosencephalon becomes the \_\_\_\_
the mesencephalon becomes the \_\_\_\_
the rhombencephalon becomes the \_\_\_\_\_
neural tube
pro = forebrain (includes telencephalon + diencephalon)
Mes = midbrain
rhomb = hindbrain (includes metencephalon + myelencephalon)
42
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
the telencephalon + diencephalon develop from the _____ which forms from the \_\_\_\_\_
proencephalon, neural tube
43
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
The **midbrain tectum is _____ ,** and is formed from the **\_\_\_\_\_**
the **roof** of the midbrain, **mesencephalon**
44
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
The **Midbrain tegmentum** is ____ , and is formed from
**midbrain tegmentum = floor of midbrain**
mesencephalon
45
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
The **Metencephalon** is aka. _____ , and is formed from \_\_\_\_\_
after brain, rhombencephelon (which forms from the neural tube)
46
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
The **Myelencephalon** is aka. _____ , and is formed from \_\_\_\_\_
marrow brain, the rhombencephalon --→ neural tube
47
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
the **pons** & **cerebellum** form from the \_\_\_\_\_, which originates from development of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
metencephalon (after brain), neural tube
neural tube → rhombencephalon → metencephelon (after brain) → pons & cerebellum
→ myencephalon (marrow brain) → medulla
48
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
the **medulla** forms from the \_\_\_\_\_, which originates from development of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Myelencephalon (marrow brain) , neural tube**
neural tube → rhombencephalon → metencephelon (after brain) → pons & cerebellum
→ myencephalon (marrow brain) → medulla
49
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
What is the difference between the mesenephelon, the metencephalon, and the myelecephalon?
Mesencephalon = is one of the 3 primary structures that formed from the neural tube
metencephalon & myelecephalon develops AFTER the rhombencephalon is formed from the neural tube
neural tube → rhombencephalon → metencephelon (after brain) → pons & cerebellum
neural tube → rhombencephalon → myencephalon (marrow brain) → medulla
50
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
T/F - the diencephalon is formed from the Mesencephalon and the telencephalon is formed from the Proencephalon
F - the diencephalon and telencephalon both form from the prosencephalon (forebrain)
51
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
**neural tube → proencephalon → telecephalon →** which forms \_\_\_, \_\_\_,\_\_\_, & \_\_\_
**Cerebral cortex**
**white matter**
**basal ganglia**
**limbic system**
52
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
**neural tube → proencephalon → diecephalon →** which goes on to form the **\_\_\_\_\_ + \_\_\_\_\_**
**thalmus + hypothalamus** (& epithalamus & subthalamus)
53
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
The midbrain tectum and the midbrain tegmentum develop from the \_\_\_\_\_\_
mesencephalon
54
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
At the **\_\_\_\_\_ of development,** the **neural tube** exhibits 3 anterior primary vesicles
\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_
4th week of development
**Prosencephalon** (Forebrain)
**Mesencephalon** (Midbrain)
**Rhombencephalon** (Hindbrain)
55
**_Development of the Nervous System -**_ _**wks 3-4_**
The wall of neural tube forms three primary vesicles:
\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_
**Prosencephalon** (Forebrain)
**Mesencephalon** (Midbrain)
**Rhombencephalon** (Hindbrain)
56
**_Development of the Nervous System -_**
At _____ of development, the wall of neural tube forms three primary vesicles:
**Prosencephalon** (Forebrain), **Mesencephalon** (Midbrain), **Rhombencephalon** (Hindbrain)
**_wks 3-4 of development_**
57
**_Development of the Nervous System -**_ _**wks 3-4_**
The **wall** of the neural tube forms three primary vesicles:
Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon
Caudally,
the wall becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the cavity of the **neural tube** _forms_ the \_\_\_\_\_
the spinal cord, central canal
58
**_Development of the Nervous System -**_ _**wks 3-4_**
The **wall** of the neural tube forms three primary vesicles:
Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Rhombencephalon
_(Rostrally/ Dorsally,/Ventrally/ Caudally)_
the **wall** of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord , and the **cavity** of the *neural tube* forms the central canal
caudally
59
**_Development of the Nervous System -**_ _**wks 3-4_**
Name the 5 vesicle stage of development
60
**_Development of the Nervous System -**_ _**@ week 4!!!!_**
## Footnote
Prosencephalon **(specifically the telencephalon)** undergoes \_\_\_\_\_
Rhombencephalon and mesencephalon undergo \_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_ system develops!
**rapid growth** changes
**minor** changes
Ventricular system develops!
61
**_Development of the Nervous System –**_ _**5 wks_**
At this point the \_\_\_\_\_system is developing and the _____ in the Lateral ventricles can be identified in the ______ outpoutches.
\_\_\_ leaves the telencephalon through the ___ **to the diencephalon**. (Lat → 3rd ventricle)
Diencephalon has the cerebral aqueduct for ____ to pass to the ____ (3rd → 4th ventricle)
Fluid leaves the rhombencephalon through the _____ (2 of them) AND the \_\_\_\_.
ventricular, Choroid plexus, telencephalic
CSF, Foramen of Monroe
fluid, mesencephalon
Foramen of Magende, Foramen of Lushka
62
**_Development of the Nervous System –**_ _**5 wks_**
the Neural tube subdivides into the \_\_\_\_\_vesicles
(Forebrain) **Telencephalon** → cerebral hemispheres
**Diencephalon** → thalamus structures; optic vesicles become retinass
(Midbrain) **mesencephalon**
(Hindbrain) **metencephalon** & **myelencephalon**
5 secondary
63
**_Development of the Nervous System –**_ _**5 wks_**
the Neural tube subdivides into the _5 secondary vesicles_
(Forebrain) **Telencephalon** → \_\_\_\_\_
**Diencephalon** →\_\_\_\_; \_\_\_\_\_\_
(Midbrain) **mesencephalon**
(Hindbrain) **metencephalon** & **myelencephalon**
cerebral hemispheres
thalamus structures (thalamus +hypothalamus; optic vesicles become retinas
64
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
neural tube → ventricles → \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_
lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle
65
**_Overview of the Development of the Nervous System:_**
neural tube → ventricles → **lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle**
**lateral ventricle becomes \_\_\_\_**
**3rd ventricle becomes \_\_\_\_**
**4th ventricle becomes \_\_\_\_**
foramen of Monroe
cerebral aqueduct
foramen of lushka + foramen of **Magende**
66
**_Development of the Nervous System -**_ _**wks 3-4_**
**Neural tube**
* Swellings and out-pouchings at the head become the \_\_\_\_\_
* Neural tube running down the back becomes the \_\_\_\_\_
* Fluid-filled cavities within the tube as in folds develop into the \_\_\_\_\_, which contain \_\_\_\_\_
brain
spinal cord
brain ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
67
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
## Footnote
Prosencephalon → Telencephalonn → \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
→ Diencephalonn → \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mesencephalon ---------------------------→ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Rhombencephalon → Metencephalon
→ Myelencephalon → \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
## Footnote
Prosencephalon → Telencephalonn → lateral ventricle
→ Diencephalonn → third ventricle
Mesencephalon ---------------------------→ cerebral aqueduct
Rhombencephalon → Metencephalon
→ Myelencephalon fourth ventricle
68
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
Lateral ventricle develops from which of the 5 secondary vesicle?
telencephalon
69
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
The 3rd ventricle develops from which of the 5 secondary vesicle?
diencephalon
70
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
The cerebral aqueduct develops from which of the 3 primary vesicles?
It connects the ____ and the \_\_\_\_
mesencephalon
third and 4th ventricles
71
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
The 4th ventricle develops from which of the 5 secondary vesicles?
**Fourth ventricle** develops from the myelencephalon
is bounded by the **medulla, pons and the cerebellum**
72
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
**the spinal cord develops from the \_\_\_\_\_**
central canal
73
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
The ventricles are spaces within the ____ nervous system that hold ~\_\_\_\_ cc static volume of \_\_\_\_\_
central (CNS), 150, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
74
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
Ventricles are spaces within the central nervous system that hold ~150 cc static volume of cerebrospinal fluid
* CSF is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* CSF adds _____ and ____ to the CNS, as well as takes away \_\_\_\_
a filtering of blood
adds → bouyancy and nutrients
takes away → by-products
75
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
the **Choroid Plexus** is \_\_\_\_\_
a specialization of vasculature bringing blood supply to the brain
76
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
the **Choroid Plexus =** a specialization of vasculature bringing blood supply to the brain
* Choroid plexus produces ~\_\_\_\_ cc/day of \_\_\_\_, need to remove older fluid.
Choroid plexus located in the \_\_\_\_\_
500 - 600, CSF
telencephalon and diencephalon
77
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
* CSF (enters/leaves) the telencephalon through the ____ to the diencephalon. (Lat → 3rd ventricle)
* Diencephalon has the _____ for fluid to pass to the mesencephalon (3rd →4th ventricle)
* Fluid (enters/leaves) the rhombencephalon through the ____ and \_\_\_\_
leaves, Foramen Monroe
leaves, cerebral aqueduct
Foramen of Magende (2 of them) & the Foramen of Lushka.
78
**_Development of the Ventricular system_**
* CSF (enters/leaves) the ___ through the Foramen of Monroe to the \_\_\_\_\_\_. (Lat → 3rd ventricle)
* ___ has the cerebral aqueduct for ____ to pass to the ____ . (3rd → 4th ventricle)
* Fluid (enters/leaves) the ____ through the Foramen of Magende (2 of them) & the Foramen of Lushka.
leaves, telencephalon, diencephalon
Diencephalon, fluid, mesencephalon
leaves, rhombencephalon,
79
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
**_abnormal development:_**
Congenital malformations of the CNS result from failure of the neural tube to close:
* Rostral neuropore
* anencephaly
* Caudal neuropore: 4 types of spinal bifida
* myelocele
* meningomyelocele
* meningocele
* spina bifida occulta
…
80
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
**_abnormal development:_**
Congenital malformations of the CNS result from \_\_\_\_\_\_. This can result in:
* Rostral neuropore
* anencephaly
* Caudal neuropore: 4 types of spinal bifida
* myelocele
* meningomyelocele
* meningocele
* spina bifida occulta
failure of the neural tube to close
81
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
**_abnormal development:_**
Congenital malformations of the CNS result from failure of the neural tube to close. This can result in: rostral neuropore (anencephaly) or caudal neuropore (spina bifida)
**rostral neuropore** (aka. **anterior neuropore) =** an opening of the anterior region of the embryonic [neural tube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube) of the developing [prosencephalon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosencephalon).
Failure of closure of the anterior [neuropore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropore) during [embryogenesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis) will lead to [anencephaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anencephaly): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the failure of the brain and skull to develop
82
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
**_abnormal development:_**
Congenital malformations of the CNS result from failure of the neural tube to close. This can result in: rostral neuropore (anencephaly) or caudal neuropore (spina bifida)
4 types of caudal neuropore are: \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_
MYELOCELE, **meningo**MYELOCELE**,** **meningo**cele , spina bifida occulta
83
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
**_abnormal development:_** caudal neuropore
A defect in the **spinal cord**; The _skin_, _meninges_ and _bone_ are missing with exposed spinal cord = \_\_\_\_\_\_
_MYELOCELE_
FYI: In myelocele, the spinal cord is exposed so that nerve tissue lies exposed on the surface of the back without even a covering of skin or of the meninges, the membranous tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
84
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
**_abnormal development:_** caudal neuropore
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = is a defect in _meninges_ and _spinal cord_; **most severe** form of spina bifidasimilar to _myelocele_ with neural elements outside of vertebral canal but *skin may be intact.* Always associated with paralysis
* Partial to complete paralysis
**meningo**MYELOCELE OR MYELO**meningo**cele
85
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
**_abnormal development:_** caudal neuropore
\_\_\_\_\_\_ = when the **neural elements remain IN the vertebral canal**; _cyst with CSF seen at level of deformity_
* spinal fluid and meninges protrude through an opening in the **vertebral arches** and _dura mater_
* _skin may or may not be missing_
* Neural elements remain in the vertebral canal.
* A cyst containing cerebrospinal fluid is seen in the area of defect.
* Partial to no paralysis
**_meningo_**_cele_
86
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
**_abnormal development:_** caudal neuropore
\_\_\_\_\_ = the mildest form of a caudal neuropore; the _dura_ and _skin_ stay/ are *intact*, but one or more bony vertebral arches fail to develop; people with this defect rarely present with disability.
spina bifida occulta
87
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
this form of caudal neuropore is ALWAYS associated with paralysis
MYELO**meningo**cele or **meningo**MYELOcele
88
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
## Footnote
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ =** malformation of fat, bone or meninges; may have no symptoms to minimal symptoms such as bowel or bladder dysfunction and partial paralysis.
**Closed neural tube defect**
89
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
This developmental disorder is this a ___ neuropore, specifically \_\_.
It is a deformity of _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Level of paralysis = \_\_\_\_
**_Caudal Neuropore,_** Meningomyelocele
Deformity of spinal cord and meninges
Partial to COMPLETE paralysis
90
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
This deformity is an example of a ______ neuropore, specifically ____ which is a deformity of the \_\_\_\_\_\_. The spinal cord is located _____ the vertebral canal and a ______ +\_\_\_\_\_\_ are observed at the level of deficit
Paralysis level = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
skin \_\_\_\_\_\_
meninges that does not form properly
within, Cyst with CSF → Neural elements remain **IN** the vertebral canal
Partial to no paralysis
skin may or may not be missing
91
**_CNS Development Pathology_**
\_\_\_\_\_ is the most common type of caudal neuropore. Hallmarks of this deformity are _______ fail to develop. Dura and skin are _____ . Some people may have a \_\_\_\_/ ____ at site of deformity
Dura and skin = intact
one or more bony vertebral arches fail to develop
Patch of hair/birth mark at site of deformity
92
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_ABOVE the brainstem_**
superior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
Anterior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
Inferior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
posterior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
superior = dorsal
Anterior = rostral
Inferior = ventral
posterior = caudal
93
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**BELOW** the brainstem
superior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
Anterior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
Inferior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
posterior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
superior = rostral
Anterior = ventral
Inferior = caudal
posterior = dorsal
(yellow)
94
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_Above the brainstem_**
superior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
dorsal
95
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_Above the brainstem_**
ventral = \_\_\_\_\_\_
inferior
96
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_Above the brainstem_**
inferior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
ventral
97
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_Above the brainstem_**
posterior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
caudal
98
**_Orientation and Planes_**
_describe the:_
horizontal plane \_\_\_\_
coronal plane \_\_\_\_
sagittal plane \_\_\_\_
99
T/F
the cranial nerve + CN ganglia are part of the PNS
True!
100
the _spinal nerves_ and _dorsal root ganglia_ are part of which nervous system?
PNS
101
_sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves_ + their _ganglia_ are part of which nervous system?
PNS
102
the enteric nervous system is part of which nervous system?
PNS
103
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_BELOW the brainstem_**
inferior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
caudal
104
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_BELOW the brainstem_**
ventral = \_\_\_\_\_\_
anterior
105
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_BELOW the brainstem_**
posterior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
dorsal
106
**_Orientation and Planes_**
**_BELOW the brainstem_**
superior = \_\_\_\_\_\_
rostral
107
ventral = latin for belly. Where is the “belly side" of the cortex?
above brainstem = ↓
below brainstem = ←
108
dorsal = latin for “back”
which direction is dorsal ABOVE the level of the brain stem?
Which direction is dorsal BELOW the level of the brain stem?
above = ↑
below = →
109
rostral = latin for “toward the snout”
Which direction is rostal when we're looking at the level **ABOVE** the brainstem?
What about **BELOW** the brainstem?
above = ←
below = ↑
110
caudal = latin for “toward the tail”
ABOVE the brainstem, which direction is caudal?
BELOW the brainstem, which direction is caudal?
above = →
below = ↓
111
the nervous system is composed of neurons and \_\_\_\_\_
glial cells → support cells
112
communication between neurons take place mainly at specialized regions called \_\_\_\_\_
synapses
113
when synaptic inputs excite a neuron, a **transient voltage change** called an _____ occurs, lasting about 1 ms.
action potential
114
axons are often insulated by _____ that form a lipid myelin sheath, thereby **speeding up the rate of an action potential conduction**
schwann cells
115
In the CNS, the myelin forming glial cells are called \_\_\_\_\_\_
in the PNS, the myelin forming glial cells are called \_\_\_\_\_\_
oligodendrocytes
schwann cells
116
the area in which voltage-gates ion channels are concentrated in shorted, exposed segments of the axon are called \_\_\_\_
nodes on ranvier
117
the thalamus is made up of ____ matter
grey
118
the basal ganglia is made up of ____ matter
grey
119
the cortex is made up of ____ matter
grey
120
the cerebral hemisphere is made up of ____ matter
white
121
In the brain, white matter is located \_\_\_\_\_, and grey matter is \_\_\_\_\_
In the spinal cord, white matter is\_\_\_\_\_. and grey matter is \_\_\_\_\_\_
brain = white inside, grey outside
spinal cord = grey inside, white outside
