Chapter 2 - Psychological Research

Question 1

list of questions to be answered by research participants- given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally-allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

Answer 1

survey

Question 2

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

Answer 2

deception

Question 3

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

Answer 3

random assignment

Question 4

results are predicted based on a general premise

Answer 4

deductive reasoning

Question 5

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in on variable causes changes in other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

Answer 5

confounding variable

Question 6

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

Answer 6

observer bias

Question 7

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

Answer 7

single-blind study

Question 8

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

Answer 8

operational definition

Question 9

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

Answer 9

correlation

Question 10

subjects of psychological research

Answer 10

participants

Question 11

article read by several other scientists with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

Answer 11

peer-reviewed journal article

Question 12

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

Answer 12

experimenter bias

Question 13

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

Answer 13

attrition

Question 14

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability

Answer 14

replicate

Question 15

personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

Answer 15

opinion

Question 16

conclusions are drawn from observations

Answer 16

inductive reasoning

Question 17

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller

Answer 17

negative correlation

Question 18

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

Answer 18

theory

Question 19

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

Answer 19

experimental group

Question 20

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

Answer 20

generalize

Question 21

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

Answer 21

reliability

Question 22

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

Answer 22

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Question 23

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

Answer 23

archival research

Question 24

tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

Answer 24

hypothesis (plural: hypotheses)

Question 25

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

Answer 25

independent variable

Question 26

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

Answer 26

cross-sectional research

Question 27

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

Answer 27

positive correlation

Question 28

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over and extended period of time

Answer 28

longitudinal research

Question 29

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has a equal chance of being selected

Answer 29

random sample

Question 30

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate

Answer 30

informed consent

Question 31

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable has

Answer 31

dependent variable

Question 32

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study- by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

Answer 32

control group

Question 33

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

Answer 33

validity

Question 34

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

Answer 34

placebo effect

Question 35

when a experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

Answer 35

debriefing

Question 36

observation of behavior in its natural setting

Answer 36

naturalistic observation

Question 37

number from -1 to +1 indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by "r"

Answer 37

correlation coefficient

Question 38

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

Answer 38

population

Question 39

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

Answer 39

sample

Question 40

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

Answer 40

clinical or case study

Question 41

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

Answer 41

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Question 42

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

Answer 42

double-blind study

Question 43

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

Answer 43

empirical

Question 44

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

Answer 44

illusory correlation

Question 45

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

Answer 45

confirmation bias

Question 46

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

Answer 46

statistical analysis

Question 47

able to be disproven by experimental results

Answer 47

falsifiable

Question 48

changes in one variable cause the changes in other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

Answer 48

cause-and-effect relationship

Question 49

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

Answer 49

inter-rater reliability

Question 50

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

Answer 50

fact