Chapter 2: Radiation And The Atom

Question 1

Category of radiation with no mass, is unaffected by electric or magnetic fields and has a constant speed in a given medium

Answer 1

Electromagnetic Radiation

Question 2

Types of interaction with matter (Electromagnetic energy)

Answer 2

Scattering (change in trajectory)
Absorption (Removal of the radiation)
Transformation (energy to mass conversion)

Question 3

Discrete particle like packets or quanta of energy

Answer 3

Photons

Question 4

A central tenet of quantum mechanics is that all particles exhibit wave like properties and all waves exhibit particle like particles

Answer 4

Wave particle duality

Question 5

Classical billiard ball type of collision between an xray photon and an orbital electron

Answer 5

Compton scattering event

Question 6

Xray photons energy is completely absorbed by and results in the ejection of an orbital electron

Answer 6

Photoelectric effect

Question 7

Wave characteristic which refers to the distance between any two identical point on adjacent cycle

Answer 7

Wavelength

Question 8

Wave characteristics refering to the intensity of the wave

Answer 8

Amplitude

Question 9

Wave characteristics referring to the time required to complete one cycle of a wave

Answer 9

Period

Question 10

Number of period that occur per second

Answer 10

Frequency

Question 11

Temporal shift of one wave with respect to the other

Answer 11

Phase

Question 12

Energies of photons

Defined as the energy acquired by an electron as it traverses an electrical potential difference (voltage)

Answer 12

Electrovolt

Question 13

An atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons has a net electrical charge

Answer 13

Ion

Question 14

Xrays gamma rays are what type of radiation

Answer 14

Ionizing radiation

Question 15

Photon energies in and below the UV region (visible infrared teragertz microwave and radio waves)

Answer 15

Non ionizing radiation

Question 16

The minimum energies necessary to remove an electron

Answer 16

Ionization energy

Question 17

Electrons emitted by the nuclei of radioactive atoms

Answer 17

Beta particles

Question 18

Form of antimatter that ultimately combines with matter in a unique transformation in which all of their mass is instantaneously converted to an equivalent amount of energy in the form of high energy gamma rays

B+

Answer 18

Positrons

Question 19

Uncharged nucleu particle that has a mass slightly greater than that of a proton

Released by nuclear fission and are used for radionuclide production

Answer 19

Neutron

Question 20

Consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Answer 20

Alpha particle

Question 21

Smallest division of an element

Answer 21

Atom

Question 22

Outer electron shell of an atom, determines the cheminal properties of the element

Answer 22

Valence shall

Question 23

Energy required to remove an orbital electron completely from the atom

Answer 23

Orbital binding energy

Question 24

When an electron is removed from its shell by an xray or gamma ray photon or a charged particle interaction, a vacancy is created in that shell. This vacancy is usually filled by an electron from an outer shall, leaving a vacancy in teh outer shell that in turn may be filled by an electron transition from a more distant shell. This series of transition is called…

Answer 24

Electron cascade

Question 25

Collective term used to described the protons and neutrons

Answer 25

Nucleons

Question 26

Number of protons in the nucelus

Answer 26

Atomic number

Question 27

Total number of proton and neutron within the nucleus

Answer 27

Mass number

Question 28

Same atomic number

Answer 28

Isotopes

Question 29

Same atomic number and mass numbers but different energy states in the nucleus

Answer 29

Isomers

Question 30

EM radiation emitted from teh nucleus as the excited state transitions to a lower (more stable) energy state

Answer 30

Gamma ray

Question 31

Energy required to separate an atom into its constituent parts Sum of orbital electron binding energy and nuclear binding energy

Answer 31

Atomic binding energy

Question 32

Energy necessary to disassociate a nucleus into its constituent parts and is the result of the strong forces acting between nucleons

Answer 32

Nuclear binding energy

Question 33

This is emitted by high atomic # radioactive elements. If emitted outside the body is harmless, if emitted inside the body it cases extensive cellular damage

Answer 33

Alpha particles

Question 34

Electrons emitted by the NUCLEI of radioactive atoms

Answer 34

Beta particles

Question 35

Sum of mass and energy must be conserved through transformation of one into the other (e=mc2) Observed in annihilation radiation (PET), pair production and radioactive decay

Answer 35

Mass Energy Equivalence

Question 36

Frequency of the UV region

Answer 36

7200 nm

Question 37

Each electron occupies a discrete energy state in a given electron shell

Answer 37

Bohr Model

Question 38

Contains the highest energy in the Bohr model

Answer 38

K shell, innermost shell

Question 39

Energy released by each transition of the electron cascade

Answer 39

If >100eV, release xrays or flourescent xrays, else Auger electron emission

Question 40

Nuclides that decay to a more stable nuclei

Answer 40

Radioactive decay