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Intro to Psych. > Chapter 2: Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Intuition

A

a subjective feeling about what makes sense

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2
Q

Scientific Method

A

process of basing one’s confidence in an idea on systematic direct observations of the world, usually by setting up research studies to test their ideas

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3
Q

Theory-Data Cycle

A

process of scientific method, in which scientists collect data that can either confirm or disconfirm a theory

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4
Q

Theory

A

set of propositions about what people do and why

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

prediction about what will happen based on a theory

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6
Q

Data

A

set oof empirical observations that scientists have gathered from the experiment

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7
Q

Replication

A

when study is conducted more than once with new batch of participants and acheives same results, usually goal of the study

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8
Q

Journals

A

a certain publication that contains peer reviewed articles on a specific academic topic for an educated audience

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9
Q

Variable

A

something of interest that fluctuates from person to person or situation to situation

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10
Q

Measured Variable

A

variable that you measure whose values are usually recorded like height or time it takes to apply your brakes

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11
Q

Manipulated Variable

A

variable whose values are controlled by a researcher (manipulated) by assigning participants to different levels of that variable

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12
Q

Operational Definition

A

the SPECIFIC way of measuring or manipulating an abstract variable

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13
Q

Descriptive Research

A

type of study in which researchers measure one variable at a time

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14
Q

Sample

A

group who partcipated in the experiment who belonged to the larger group (population of interest) that the researcher’s interested in

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15
Q

Population of Interest

A

the full set of cases that the researcher’s interested in

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16
Q

Random Sampling

A

way choosing a sample from a population so the that excludes bias

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17
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

particular type of observational research that psychologists observe the behavior of animals or humans in their natural environments

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18
Q

Observational Research

A

psychologists measuring their variable of interest by obsevering and recording what people are doing

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19
Q

Case Study

A

type of observational research where one individual subject or specimen is studied specifically in depth

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20
Q

Correlational Research

A

meausre two or more variables in the same people and observes the relationship between them

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21
Q

Scatterplot

A

a type of graph usually used to represent correlation

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22
Q

Third-Variable Problem

A

when given an observed relationship between two variables there’s an additional variable associated with both of them making the alternative explanation for the reationship between them

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23
Q

Experimental Research

A

study in which one variable is manipulated and the other is measured

24
Q

Random Assignment

A

procedure in experimental research in which a random method is used to decide which participants will receive each level of the independent variable

25
Q

Experimental Group

A

group in which some proposed cause is present

26
Q

Control Group

A

group in which a proposed cause is not present

27
Q

Placebo Condition

A

people are supposed to receive a type of treatment only for it to be a sugar pill

28
Q

Random Sampling

A

choosing a sample of participants in a study in which participants are selected without bias

29
Q

Validity

A

appropriateness or accuracy of conclusion or decision

30
Q

Construct Validity

A

the specific assessment of how the transformation of abstract concepts into measurable observations is used to capture the variables of interest in a study

31
Q

Reliabilty

A

the consistency of the results each time the experiment is applied

32
Q

External Validity

A

the degree that it’s reasonable to generalize a study’s results to it’s population of interest

33
Q

Internal Validity

A

ability of a study to rule out alternative explanations for a relationship between two variables

34
Q

Confounding Variable

A

alternative explanation for the relationship between two variable

35
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

a certain computation or certain calculation that help describe a batch of scores or results

36
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

a type of descriptives statistic in the form of a bar graph that can tell the variation of scores

37
Q

Mean

A

the average of the group of scores

38
Q

Median

A

middle of data

39
Q

Mode

A

most reoccuring frequency in the sequence of data

40
Q

Variability

A

the extent to which the scores in a batch differ from each other

41
Q

Standard Deviation

A

how much the score varies around its mean

42
Q

Effect size

A

the numerical estimate of the strength of the relationship between two variables

43
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

set of procedures used to measure whether a pattern of results truly represents a true difference or relationship in a population

44
Q

Statistical Significance

A

guessing processthat applies rules of logic and probability to estimate whether the results would be the same if a larger population was tested

45
Q

Meta-analysis

A

researchers locate all studies that have tested the same variables and mathematically average them to etimate the effect size of the entire body of studies

46
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

panel of researchers that lives up to whether the study reaches the community’s ethical standards

47
Q

Informed Consent

A

application of ethical principle of autonomy, in which the researcher explains the procedures of the study, including its risks and potential benefits, to the potential participants, who then decide whether to take part

48
Q

Autonomy

A

informed consent must be given to people participating in the research

49
Q

Beneficience

A

research is evaluated on risks and benefits to participants and society

50
Q

Justice

A

research should not be conducted disproportionately on one segment of the population

51
Q

False Positive

A

statistical significance that does not reflect a real effect

52
Q

HARKing (hypothesis after the results are known)

A

questionable research practice in which researchers create an after the fact hypothesisabout an unexpected result

53
Q

P-hacking

A

questionable data analysis techniques like adding particpants after results are initially analyzed, looking for outliers, trying new analyses in order to obtain a new p value

54
Q

Open science

A

sharing one’s data/hypotheses and materials freely amongst other researchers

55
Q

Preregistration

A

public statement of a data’s expected outcome before collecting any data

Intro to Psych. (4 decks)

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