Chapter 2 - Research Methods

Question 1

Single-subject designs

Answer 1

studies requiring only one or a few participants to conduct an entire experiment

Question 2

Case studies vs. SS designs

Answer 2

case studies describe, SS designs manipulate

Question 3

Advantages of single-subject designs

Answer 3

we don’t lose information due to averaging, more efficient and specific to individuals

Question 4

Disadvantages of single-subject designs

Answer 4

we lose external validity and generalizability

Question 5

Baseline

Answer 5

the normal frequency of a behavior that occurs before intervention

Question 6

A-phase

Answer 6

baseline period

Question 7

B-phase

Answer 7

treatment or experimental period

Question 8

True or False: no statistics are used in SS designs

Answer 8

True !

Question 9

Simple comparison design (AB)

Answer 9

comparing behavior in a baseline condition to behavior in a treatment condition

Question 10

What is the disadvantage to a simple comparison design?

Answer 10

poor internal validity

Question 11

Reversal design (ABA/ABAB)

Answer 11

involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period

Question 12

Limitations of a reversal design

Answer 12

cannot be used when intervention causes permanent changes or when it would be unethical to remove an effective intervention

Question 13

Multiple baseline design

Answer 13

a treatment / intervention is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors

Question 14

Multiple baselines across persons

Answer 14

measuring behavior across 2 + people

Question 15

Multiple baselines across settings

Answer 15

measuring behavior of one person in 3 different settings

Question 16

Multiple baselines across behaviors

Answer 16

measure more than one target behavior

Question 17

Benefits of multiple baseline design

Answer 17

appropriate where treatment may cause long-term change and where removal is unethical

Question 18

Limits of multiple baseline design

Answer 18

more complex design, when used on same person effects may generalize across settings / behavior

Question 19

Changing criterion design

Answer 19

effect of a treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered (gradually change over time)

Question 20

Operational definition

Answer 20

turning a concept of interest into a measured or manipulated variable

Question 21

A good operational definition will be (3)

Answer 21

objective, clear, and complete

Question 22

What are the three measures of time?

Answer 22

duration, speed, latency

Question 23

Duration

Answer 23

want to increase or decrease the length of time a behavior occurs

Question 24

Speed

Answer 24

want to increase or decrease the time to complete a task (clear beginning and end)

Question 25

Latency

Answer 25

want to increase or decrease time to begin a task

Question 26

What are the two measures of frequency?

Answer 26

rate of response, and number of errors

Question 27

Rate of response

Answer 27

number of responses (behaviors) in a given period

Question 28

Number of errors

Answer 28

count of incorrect responses within a given period / task

Question 29

What are the two measures of proportion?

Answer 29

interval recording and time-sample recording

Question 30

What is the purpose of measures of proportion?

Answer 30

to assess proportion of measured time where a behavior occurs, used when impractical or inefficient to record all instances of behavior

Question 31

Interval recording

Answer 31

intervals are consecutive

Question 32

Time-sample recording

Answer 32

intervals are non-consecutive

Question 33

Variable

Answer 33

a characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time from one situation to another

Question 34

Functional relationship

Answer 34

the relationship between changes in an IV and changes in a DV

Question 35

Stimulus

Answer 35

something in the environment with the potential to influence behavior

Question 36

Appetitive stimuli

Answer 36

an event that an organism will seek out

Question 37

Aversive stimuli

Answer 37

an event an organism will avoid

Question 38

Motivating operations

Answer 38

any procedure that affects appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event

Question 39

Establishing operation

Answer 39

increases appetitiveness of an event

Question 40

Deprivation

Answer 40

prolonged absence of an event to increase appetitiveness

Question 41

Abolishing operation

Answer 41

decreases appetitiveness of an event

Question 42

Satiation

Answer 42

prolonged exposure of an event to decrease appetitiveness

Question 43

Response

Answer 43

behavior, usually the DV, can be internal or external

Question 44

Overt behavior

Answer 44

has the potential to be directly observed by others

Question 45

Covert Behavior

Answer 45

can be perceived only by the person performing behavior