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Bio Psych Midterms > Chapter 2: Sensory & Motor Systems - Visual System > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Sensory & Motor Systems - Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

The energy that we can see as one form of electromagnetic radiation.

A

Visible light.

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2
Q

The distance between successive peaks of waves; is decoded by the visual system either as color or as shades of gray.

A

Wavelength.

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3
Q

Refers to the height of each wave of electromagnetic radiation; is translated by the visual system as brightness.

A

Amplitude.

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4
Q

Individual, indivisible, very small particles that form waves of electromagnetic energy.

A

Photons.

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5
Q

This can also be described as the movement of tiny, indivisible particles known as photons.

A

Electromagnetic radiation.

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Photons always travel at the same speed (the speed of light), but can vary in the amount of energy they possess.

A

True.

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7
Q

The range of electromagnetic energy visible to humans.

A

400 to 700 nanometers (400-700nm)

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8
Q

The ability to retain something rather than reflect or transmit it to another location.

A

Absorption.

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9
Q

The bending back of light towards its source.

A

Reflection.

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10
Q

The deflection, or changing of direction, of light at a boundary such as that between air and water.

A

Refraction.

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11
Q

The color of an object is not some intrinsic characteristic of the object, but rather?

A

The result of the wavelengths of light that are selectively absorbed and reflected by the object.

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12
Q

What determines the colors we see?

A

Absorption and reflection.

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13
Q

This line of defense of the visual system can deflect many blows.

A

Orbit.

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14
Q

This line of defense of the visual system can be opened and closed either voluntarily or involuntarily.

A

Eyelids.

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15
Q

A line of defense of the visual system that refers to the involuntary closure of the eyelids to protect the eye from incoming objects and moistens and cleans the front of the eye.

A

Blink.

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16
Q

Another line of defense of the visual system; these are produced in the lacrimal gland at the outer corner of each eye.

A

Tears.

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17
Q

Tears are primarily composed of?

A

Water and salt, but they also contain proteins, glucose, and substances that kill bacteria.

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18
Q

The “white” outer covering of the eye.

A

Sclera.

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19
Q

The transparent outer layer of the eye.

A

Cornea.

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20
Q

The area of the eye located directly behind the cornea, containing the aqueous humor.

A

Anterior chamber.

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21
Q

The fluid located in the anterior chamber that nourishes the cornea and lens.

A

Aqueous humor.

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22
Q

The opening in the front of the eye controlled by the iris.

A

Pupil.

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23
Q

The circular muscle in the front of the eye that controls the opening of the pupil.

A

Iris.

24
Q

The clear structure behind the pupil and iris that focuses light on the retina.

A

Lens.

25
Q

The elaborate network of photoreceptors and interneurons at the back of the eye that is responsible for sensing light.

A

Retina.

26
Q

Specialized sensory cell in the retina that responds to light.

A

Photoreceptor.

27
Q

The fiber pathway formed by the axons of the ganglion cells as they leave the eye.

A

Optic nerve.

28
Q

The area in the retina where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eye.

A

Optic disk.

29
Q

A 6-mm round area in the retina that is not covered by blood vessels and that is specialized for detailed vision.

A

Macula.

30
Q

The ability to perceive visual stimuli focused on the macula of the retina.

A

Central vision.

31
Q

The ability to perceive visual stimuli that are off to the side while looking straight ahead.

A

Peripheral vision.

32
Q

A small pit in the macula specialized for detailed vision.

A

Fovea.

33
Q

The pigmented layer of cells supporting the photoreceptors of the retina.

A

Epithelium.

34
Q

A photoreceptor that responds to low levels of light but not to color.

A

Rods.

35
Q

The ability to see in dim light.

A

Scotopic vision.

36
Q

A photoreceptor that operates in bright conditions and responds differentially to color.

A

Cones.

37
Q

Vision in bright light.

A

Photopic vision.

38
Q

The process of translating a physical stimulus into electrical signals that can be understood and processed by the nervous system.

A

Transduction.

39
Q

This is usually defined as the obtaining of information from the environment and the transmission of that information to the brain.

A

Sensation.

40
Q

This involves the interpretation, or meaningful analysis, of sensory data.

A

Perception.

41
Q

What are three (3) colors considered to be the primary colors of light?

A

Red, Green, & Blue.

42
Q

Suggests that human color vision is based on our having three (tri) different color photopigments.

A

Trichromacy theory.

43
Q

A theory of human color vision based on three antagonistic color channels: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.

A

Opponent process theory.

44
Q

Having two cone photopigments; is the most common type of abnormality and results from a missing or abnormal cone pigment.

A

Dichromacy.

45
Q

Men are about ___ times more likely to be colorblind than women.

A

Ten.

46
Q

The ability to see in black and white only.

A

Monochromacy.

47
Q

A condition characterized by having three cone photopigments that respond to slightly different wavelengths than normal.

A

Anomalous trichromacy.

48
Q

The term used to refer to people with four different color pigments.

A

Tetrachromats.

49
Q

This describes the fact that an object’s colors do not appear to change even as the light falling on that object changes.

A

Color constancy.

50
Q

Occurs when one’s eye cannot focus on objects.

A

Amblyopia (Lazy eye).

51
Q

Result from clouding of the lens of the eye.

A

Cataracts.

52
Q

Difficulty seeing distant objects; elongation of the eyeball.

A

Myopia (nearsightedness).

53
Q

Difficulty seeing close objects and reading; shortening of the eyeball.

A

Hyperopia (farsightedness).

54
Q

A distortion of vision caused by the shape of the cornea.

A

Astigmatism.

55
Q

A disorder characterized by regions of blindness in the visual field.

A

Scotoma.

Bio Psych Midterms (8 decks)

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