Chapter 2 - Single Gene Inheritance Flashcards
gene discovery
the process whereby a biological property (trait) is investigated by finding the subset of genes in the genome that influence this property
wild type
the most common form of any property of an organism
mutants
the heritable variants observed in an organism that differs from the wild type
phenotypes
the alternative forms of the property
polymorphisms
the coexistence of two or more reasonably common phenotypes of a biological property
What are the general steps of functional analysis by gene discovery?
1) amass mutants affecting biological property of interest
2) cross mutants to wild type, observe ratios, is there single-gene inheritance?
3) deduce function of gene at molecular level
4) how do genes interact with other genes to produce the property in question?
genetic dissection
the use of mutants to identify/separate a gene affecting a specific property
forward genetics
a type of approach to gene discovery that starts with random single-gene mutants and ends with their DNA sequence and biochemical function
mitosis
forms two identical copes of itself (sister chromatids)
meiocytes
specialized diploid cells that divide to produce sex cells/gametes
meiosis
consists of two nuclear divisions, producing four cells from the progenitor cell
dyad
replicate sister chromosomes that are together
bivalent
the unit comprising the pair of synapsed dyads
tetrad
the four chromatids that make up a bivalent (four homologs)
ascus
a membranous sac containing products of a tetrad (four spores) - associate with fungi, algae, haploid meiosis
null alleles
proteins encoded by these alleles completely lose their function
null mutation
a mutation that results in a complete lack of function