chapter 2 study guide Flashcards
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
energy
the ability to do work and cause change
chemical energy
energy is stored in bonds of chemical substances like ATP
electrical energy
results from the movement of charged particles like in the nervous system
mechanical energy
directly involved in moving matter like your legs peddling a bike
electromagnetic energy
travels in waves like light and radio
atom, subatomic particles, describe their relative masses, charges, and positions
- the basic unit of a chemical element
- protons +1 , neutrons 0 , and electrons -1
- protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus and electrons surround the nucleus
- protons and neutrons have a mass and electrons don’t
atomic number
the total number of protons
atomic mass
the weight of protons and neutrons
atomic weight
the weight of protons and neutrons
isotope
forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
radioisotope
isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay
the role of electrons in chemical bonding and in relation to octet rule
during chemical bonding atoms try to fill the outermost shell so they’re considered stable. They are stable when the outermost shell contains the max number of electrons. Electrons are shared and donated during chemical bonding and atoms filling the outermost shell is known as the octet rule
ionic bonds
formed when one or more electron is transferred from one atom to another
covalent bonds
formed when atoms are sharing an electron
hydrogen bonds
a bond involving a hydrogen atom, very weak
polar vs. non-polar compounds
polar means there is unequal sharing of electrons and non-polar is equal sharing, polar is charged and non-polar has no charge
the importance of water and salt to the body to keep homeostasis
water helps regulate body temp, transport nutrients, helps digestion. Salt helps maintain fluid balance and support nerve and muscle function. Together they keep the body regulated allowing it to keep homeostasis
acid
6-0 pH, substance that releases hydrogen ions
base
8-12 pH, substance that takes up hydrogen ions
concept of pH
the more hydrogen atoms a substance has the more acidic it is and vise vera. 7 is considered neutral
building blocks for carbohydrates
sugar, polysaccharides, fiber
structure of carbohydrates
often in long chains, can be mono, di, or polysaccharides
function of carbohydrates
used to give the body energy
