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chapter 2 test Flashcards

1
Q

In the biblical account found in Luke 15, why was “The Prodigal Son” in need?

A

Because no one gave him anything to eat, there was a famine, and he spent all of his money on loose living.

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2
Q

True or False. Socrates was the first non-Christian to write about Jesus Christ.

A

False, Socrates was before the time of Jesus Christ.

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3
Q

Fill in the Blank. The three great monotheistic religions of the world are Judaism, Christianity, and __________.

A

Islam

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4
Q

List the three Greek philosophers we studied in chronological order, and write down something very important and unique regarding each of them.

A

Socrates: Was sentenced to death by Hemlock poisoning for “corrupting the youth.” Believed that virtue is knowledge.
Plato: Was a student of Socrates. Most of what we know about Socrates was from Plato’s writings. Was an idealist, took mathematics as his model. Founded the Academy in Athens.
Aristotle: Was a student of Plato. Was a realist, who took biology as his model.

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5
Q

Describe the meaning of the allegory of the cave.

A

THE SHADOWS
The Shadows represent the perceptions of those who believe empirical evidence ensures knowledge. If you believe that what you see should be taken as truth, then you are merely seeing a shadow of the truth. In Plato’s opinion you are a ‘pleb’ if you believe this (their insult for those who are not Philosophers)!
THE GAME
The Game represents how people believe that one person can be a ‘master’ when they have knowledge of the empirical world. Plato is demonstrating that this master does not actually know any truth, and suggesting that it is ridiculous to admire someone like this.
THE ESCAPE
The escaped prisoner represents the Philosopher, who seeks knowledge outside of the cave and outside of the senses.
The Sun represents philosophical truth and knowledge
His intellectual journey represents a philosophers journey when finding truth and wisdom
THE RETURN
The other prisoners reaction to the escapee returning represents that people are scared of knowing philosophical truths and do not trust philosophers.

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6
Q

a priori vs. a posteriori experience

A

A priori knowledge is defined as knowledge that we can have “prior to experience”. We don’t need to observe how the world is to have such knowledge. Knowledge one has independent of experience.
Examples: “All bachelors are unmarried”, “All triangles have three sides.”
A posteriori knowledge is cotingent, empirical knowledge that comes to us from experiences through the five senses.
Examples: “There is a cup on this table”, “Smoking causes cancer.”

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7
Q

Socrates Perspective

A
  • Virtue is knowledge
  • Care for the soul is all that matters
  • Self knowledge is the prerequisite for the good life
  • The invincibility of goodness (good is good for you, bad is bad for you)
  • the autonomy of ethics (God chooses it because it is good)
  • we do not need religion to know what is good
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8
Q

What is the “Socratic method”

A

A process of intense questioning, in which the answers to one question were followed by questions about the implications of that answer.

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9
Q

Plato Perspective

A

Every significant word and thing partakes of and derives its identity from a form, or forms. things are representations of higher forms.

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10
Q

Who wrote the Republic?

A

Plato

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11
Q

What is Eros?

A

The love of beauty. Our eros draws us to the ultimate form of goodness. Plato

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12
Q

According to Plato, what is the highest form?

A

Goodness; encompasses all forms

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13
Q

Tripartite soul consists of:

A

Nous-rational
Thumos- spirited
Epethomia - appetitive

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14
Q

Platotism is similar to which religion?

A

Christianity. Plato believed that Goodness can be seen as God.

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15
Q

Platonic Eros is

A

Selfish

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16
Q

Platonic Agape is

A

selfless

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17
Q

Aristotle Perspective

A
  • humans are the result of their perspective habbits
  • argues for great soul not meek soul
  • Material things are reality.
  • Forms are present in the way material things function, but are not real in themselves
  • FUNCTION
  • believed in a monotheistic God
  • gods are purely intellectual beings
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18
Q

What are Aristotle’s views on the soul?

A

-The psyche is not a thing or substance, but a characteristic. the result of certain ways of thinking or reasoning. The soul cannot exist without a body, but can exist outside of the body.

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19
Q

What are the 4 causes by Aristotle?

A

Material(the matter of which it is made-wood), formal(the kind of thing it is-decoration), efficient(how it was brought into existence(woodsmith), and final(the reason it was made-art)

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20
Q

What is Eudaimonia?

A

Happiness, living and admirably fulfilled life. the ultimate goal.

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21
Q

Virtue

A

An admirable quality that promotes good.

Justice, mildness, temperance, courage, open-handed generosity. every virtue has an opposite vice

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22
Q

What are the 3 kinds of undesirable states?

A

badness, brutishness, lack of self control

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23
Q

telos

A

the goal or purpose of a thing

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24
Q

Who wrote confession, City of God, and on Christian Doctrine?

A

St. Augustine

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25
St. Augustine Perspective
We are defined by our choices, so the will sometimes overrides reason. Adopts a view on predestination (pelagious inspired).. Love is the basis of his theology, but christians may use force to protect chrisitanity, not during war though. love thy enemies, even during war Love God and Do what you Want original sin
26
What does Augustine steal in Confessions, and for what reason?
Pears, wickedness
27
force used must be porportionate to the goal of peace was added onto the just war theory by
aquinas
28
What are the two cities of the world as stated by St Augustie?
City of God, and Earthly city
29
What are the parts to the great chain of life?
Heaven, sphere of the moon, earth, middle earth
30
What was Buddhas real name
suddhartha Gautama
31
What does Buddha mean?
The enlightened one
32
In meditation one attempts to overcome _____and become familiar with _________
delusions. virtuous minds
33
What are the 4 noble truths of buddhism
1. life is suffering 2. Suffering is caused by craving and aversion 3. True happiness and contentment are possible 4. The noble 8-fold path leads to the end of suffering
34
What is the noble 8-fold path?
being moral through what we say, do and our livelihood
35
While christians have the 10 commandments buddhists have _____.
precepts
36
If followed strictly, a person does not eat or drink anything while fasting from the previous days _____ until _______ minutes after the next days sunset.
sunrise, 48 minutes
37
Buddhist monks and nuns follow what rule of fasting daily?
the do not eat after noon each day
38
Reincarnation is a major belief of what religion?
hinduism
39
The Hindu god is called
Brahma
40
Buddhists broke away from what religion?
Hinduism
41
Hindus believe that persons can achieve happiness by getting rid of their____.
earthly desires
42
Islams believe that persons achieve salvation by following the _____.
5 pillars of islam and living a just life
43
The 5 pillars of islam are:
1. faith 2. prayer 3. almsgiving or charity to the poor 4. fasting which muslims do during ramadam 5. ramadam
44
Ramadam is
Pilgramage to Mecca
45
Advaitanism and Vaisnavism are the most common types of
hinduism
46
Hindus believe in good and bad ______.
Karma
47
A Hindus ultimate goal in life is to
release Atman(soul), reunite with the divine, becoming one with Brahman(moksha)
48
The Hindu code of behavior is called
dharma
49
What religion believes in the Holy Cow
Hindu
50
The process of reasoned judgement, that is, judgement that is both purposeful and reflective is known as_______
critical thinking
51
What is the purpose of critical thiking?
to form a well-reasoned and fair-minded judgment regarding what to believe and what to do.
52
What is the banality of evil?
that evil deeds are, for the most part, not perpetrated by monsters or sadists. Most often, they are perpetrated by seemingly ordinary people. Holocaust example. Adolf eichman seemed normal to hannah arandt during trial, even though he did terrible things
53
What is magical thinking
Magical thinking is the attribution of causal relationships between actions and events which cannot be justified by reason and observation. irrational beliefs example, if you believe that crossing your fingers brought you good fortune, you have associated the act of finger-crossing with the subsequent welcome event and imputed a causal link between the two
54
Canon
a general law, rule, principle, or criterion by which something is judged. Sometimes a list of sacred books accepted to be true
55
Bonhoeffer states that Christianity means community through______
jesus christ and in jesus
56
Sophists
secular relativists, skeptical, even cynical about religious and idealistic pretensions, aiming at material and political success by using rhetoric and oratory to persuade people. they were pragmatists. complete knowledge was impossible. egoism is proper and natural.one must look out for themselves so manipulation is permitted. each person is his or her own measure of truth.
57
Which group made education into a business?
Sophists
58
The founder of Islam is
Mohammed
59
How do muslims of the islam religion pray and how many time a day?
5 times a day, facing toward the Qa'aba in Mecca
60
Describe fasting in the Islamic religion
During the month of Ramadam, from sunrise to sunset each day
61
What is the name of the Islamic bible?
Qa'ran. 114 chapter called Suras. Can only be in arabic. cannot be translated
62
What law was developed from the text o the Qa'ran?
Shari'a law
63
What are the 3 most common sects of islam?
Sunnis (most common, 85%) Shias Sufism

Core test 2 (1 decks)

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