Chapter 2: The Basics of Logical Reasoning

Question 1

What is a premise?

Answer 1

A fact, proposition, or statement from which a conclusion is made (premises support and explain the conclusion)

Question 2

What is a conclusion?

Answer 2

A statement or judgement that follows from one or more reasons (drawn from and rest on the premises)

Question 3

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Because

Answer 3

Premise indicator (appears the most)

Question 4

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Since

Answer 4

Premise indicator (appears the most)

Question 5

Premise or Conclusion indicator: For

Answer 5

Premise indicator (appears the most)

Question 6

Premise or Conclusion indicator: For example

Answer 6

Premise indicator

Question 7

Premise or Conclusion indicator: For the reason that

Answer 7

Premise indicator

Question 8

Premise or Conclusion indicator: In that

Answer 8

Premise indicator

Question 9

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Given that

Answer 9

Premise indicator

Question 10

Premise or Conclusion indicator: As indicated by

Answer 10

Premise indicator

Question 11

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Due to

Answer 11

Premise indicator

Question 12

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Owning to

Answer 12

Premise indicator

Question 13

Premise or Conclusion Indicator: This can be seen from

Answer 13

Premise indicator

Question 14

Premise or Conclusion indicator: We know this by

Answer 14

Premise indicator

Question 15

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Thus

Answer 15

Conclusion indicator (appears the most)

Question 16

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Therefore

Answer 16

Conclusion indicator (appears the most)

Question 17

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Hence

Answer 17

Conclusion Indicator

Question 18

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Consequently

Answer 18

Conclusion indicator

Question 19

Premise or Conclusion indicator: As a result

Answer 19

Conclusion indicator

Question 20

Premise or Conclusion indicator: So

Answer 20

Conclusion indicator

Question 21

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Accordingly

Answer 21

Conclusion indicator

Question 22

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Clearly

Answer 22

Conclusion indicator

Question 23

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Must be that

Answer 23

Conclusion indicator

Question 24

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Shows that

Answer 24

Conclusion indicator

Question 25

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Conclude that

Answer 25

Conclusion indicator

Question 26

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Follows that

Answer 26

Conclusion indicator

Question 27

Premise or Conclusion indicator: For this reason

Answer 27

Conclusion indicator

Question 28

Additional Premise

Answer 28

Another premise that supports the conclusion but is sometimes non-essential to the conclusion (They may be central to the argument or secondary)

Question 29

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: Furthermore

Answer 29

Additional Premise indicator

Question 30

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: Moreover

Answer 30

Additional Premise indicator

Question 31

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: Besides

Answer 31

Additional Premise indicator

Question 32

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: In Addition

Answer 32

Additional Premise Indicator

Question 33

Additional Premise or Premise Indicator: What's more

Answer 33

Additional Premise indicator

Question 34

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: After All

Answer 34

Additional Premise Indicator

Question 34

Counter-Premises

Answer 34

Bring up points of opposition or comparison (not integral to the authors argument structure)

Question 35

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: On the other hand

Answer 35

Counter-Premise indicator

Question 35

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Even though

Answer 35

Counter-Premise indicator

Question 35

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Although

Answer 35

Counter-Premise indicator

Question 35

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: However

Answer 35

Counter-Premise Indicator

Question 35

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: In contrast

Answer 35

Counter-Premise Indicator

Question 36

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Admittedly

Answer 36

Counter-Premise indicator

Question 36

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Yet

Answer 36

Counter-Premise indicator

Question 36

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: But

Answer 36

Counter-Premise

Question 37

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Still

Answer 37

Counter-Premise Indicator

Question 38

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Whereas

Answer 38

Counter-Premise indicator

Question 39

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: In spite of

Answer 39

Counter-Premise indicator

Question 40

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Despite

Answer 40

Counter-Premise indicator

Question 41

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: After All

Answer 41

Counter-Premise indicator (Can appear on multiple indicators lists because it can be used on a variety of ways, up to you to identify the exact role)

Question 42

Conclusion Identification Method (used when no conclusion and premise indicators are present)

Answer 42

Take the statements under consideration for the conclusion and mentally place them in an arrangement that forces one to be a conclusion and the others to be premises. Use premise indicators to achieve this end. Arrange them to make logical sense and if not then reverse the arrangement until it makes sense

Question 43

Complex arguments

Answer 43

Contain more than one conclusion. One of the conclusions is the main conclusion, and the other conclusions are subsidiary conclusions (also known as sub-conclusions) At some point makes a conclusion based on a premise, and then the author then uses that "initial" conclusion as the foundation (or) premise for another conclusion.

Question 44

Separate ideas in some manner. Natural stopping points, and help divide a sentence into smaller pieces

Answer 44

Comma ,

Question 45

Typically precedes an explanation of the point prior to the colon, or introduces a list of some sort

Answer 45

Colon :

Question 46

The ideas on either side of ___ are typically related but also could stand on their own as complete sentences. Stronger than a comma

Answer 46

Semi-Colon ;

Question 47

The information in __ typically expands upon and adds additional information to the sentence

Answer 47

Parentheses ( )

Question 48

___ are extremely versatile, and are often substituted for other punctuation marks, but the purpose is typically to set apart a particular idea

Answer 48

Dashes -

Question 49

References words

Answer 49

Words that refer back or forward to ideas in the stimulus without explicitly naming the idea: - This/That/These/Those -It -They/Their/Them -One/Ones -Former/Latter

Question 50

Inference

Answer 50

-Something that must be true (finding an item that must be true based on the information presented in the argument) -What follows from an argument (the conclusion)

Question 51

Assumption

Answer 51

-What must be true in order for the argument to be true (same as an unstated premise) -What is taken for granted while making an argument

Question 52

Quality indicators

Answer 52

Refer to the amount or quantity in the relationship such as "some people" or "many of the laws" Ex: All, every, most, many

Question 53

Probability indicators

Answer 53

Refer to the likelihood of occurrence, or the obligation present, as in "the mayor should resign" or "the law will never pass" Ex: Must, will, always, not always