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Biology > Chapter 2: The Chemical Context > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Chemical Context Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances.

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance consisting of two or more different elements.

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3
Q

What is an essential element?

A

A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce

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4
Q

What four elements make up 96% of living matter?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON)

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5
Q

What elements account for the makeup of the other 4% of living matter?

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur (CPPS)

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6
Q

What are trace elements?

A

An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. ex. iron, iodine

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7
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter

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8
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Subatomic particle having no electrical charge

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9
Q

What are protons?

A

Subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge

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10
Q

What are electrons?

A

Subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge.

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11
Q

What is atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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12
Q

What is mass number?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.

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13
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

The total mass of an atom

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14
Q

How do you deduce the number of neutrons an atom has?

A

mass number - atomic number

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15
Q

What is an isotope?

A

One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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16
Q

What is potential energy?

A

The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement.

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17
Q

How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?

A

2

18
Q

How many electrons can the second electron shell hold?

A

8

19
Q

How many electrons can the third electron shell hold?

A

8

20
Q

What are the rows of a periodic table called?

A

Periods

21
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electron(s) in the outermost electron shell

22
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The outermost energy shell of an atom; contains valence electrons

23
Q

True or false; an atom with a completed valence shell is reactive.

A

False; an atom with a completed valence shell is UNreactive.

24
Q

What does inert mean?

A

Chemically unreactive.

25
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

An attraction between two atoms, resulting from sharing of outer-shell electrons

26
Q

What are the strongest kinds of chemical bonds?

A

Covalent and Ionic

27
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A type of bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

28
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

29
Q

What is a double covalent bond?

A

Sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms

30
Q

What is a single covalent bond?

A

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

31
Q

What is valence?

A

The bonding capacity of a given atom.

32
Q

What is the valence of hydrogen?

A

1

33
Q

What is the valence of oxygen?

A

2

34
Q

What is the valence of nitrogen?

A

3

35
Q

What is the valence of carbon?

A

4

36
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

37
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms

38
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity.

39
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions (cation and anion)

40
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when a slightly positive hydrogen atom is attracted to a slightly negative atom.

Biology (7 decks)

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