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Biology > Chapter 22: Descent with Modification > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Descent with Modification Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three key observations about life?

A

1.) Organisms are well suited for life in their environments.
2.) Many shared characteristics of life.
3.) Rich diversity of life.

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2
Q

What was Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

That evolution occurred because organisms had an innate drive to become more complex.

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3
Q

What are adaptations?

A

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction

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4
Q

What is natural selection?

A

process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Modification of species by selecting and breeding individuals w/ desired traits

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6
Q

True or false: Advantageous traits will become more inheritable while less favorable traits will diminish

A

True

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7
Q

How does natural selection occur?

A

Through interactions between individuals and their environment

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8
Q

What are the three key points about natural selection?

A

1.) It is a process of editing not creative mechanism
2.) It can occur rapidly
3.) Depends on time and place

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9
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor

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10
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors

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11
Q

What is an evolutionary tree?

A

a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organism

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12
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of an analogous feature?

A

similar function, not common ancestry

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of an homologous feature?

A

share common ancestry, not similar function

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15
Q

Who created the working theory of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

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16
Q

True or false: without diversity, there’s possibility for adaptation/change

A

False; without diversity, there is no possibility for adaptation/change

17
Q

What observations did Charles Darwin make in terms of evolution?

A

1.) members of a population vary in inherited traits
2.) species produce more offspring than the environment can support

18
Q

Who is Georges Cuvier?

A

French scientist who largely developed paleontology. Influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution.

19
Q

Who was James Hutton?

A

Scottish geologist who proposed Earth’s geologic features were explained by gradual mechanisms. Influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution.

20
Q

Who was Charles Lyell?

A

Leading geologist of Darwin’s time incorporated into Hutton’s proposal that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past at the same rate. Influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution.

21
Q

Which geologists strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking?

A

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

22
Q

Who was Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck?

A

A French biologist that proposed organisms have an innate drive to become more complex.

23
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce because of them.

24
Q

Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?

A

A British naturalist who developed a hypothesis of natural selection nearly identical to Darwin’s.

25
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Selective breeding of plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.

26
Q

How does natural selection occur?

A

Through interactions between individual organisms and their environment.

27
Q

True or false: natural selection can only amplify or diminish heritable traits that differ among the individuals in a population.

A

True

28
Q

What is the third key point about natural selection?

A

Environmental factors vary from place to place and over time.

29
Q

What does analogous mean in terms of convergent evolution?

A

Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution.

30
Q

What are the four main evidences for evolution?

A

1.) Natural selection
2.) Common descent (homology and convergent evolution)
3.) Fossils
4.) Biogeography

31
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species.
ex. continental drift

Biology (7 decks)

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