Chapter 2: The Self in The Social World

Question 1

What is the belief that others are paying more attention to one’s appearance and behavior than they really are?

Answer 1

Spotlight Effect

Question 2

What is the perfect example of “we construct our social reality”?

Answer 2

Spotlight Effect

Question 3

What is the idea that we tend to think we’re the center of attention more than we really are?

Answer 3

Spotlight Effect

Question 4

What do you call when we exaggerate the number of people that pay attention to us in our subjective reality?

Answer 4

Spotlight Effect

Question 5

What do you call the illusion that our concealed emotions are “leaked out” and can be easily read by others?

Answer 5

Illusion of Transparency

Question 6

When we think people notice how we really are feeling, what do you call it?

Answer 6

Illusion of Transparency

Question 7

What is the interplay between our sense of self and our social worlds?

Answer 7

Spotlight Effect & Illusion of Transparency

Question 8

What do we call the term that refers to what we know and believe about ourselves?

Answer 8

Self-Concept

Question 9

What are the two elements of self-concept?

Answer 9

Self-Schemas and Possible Selves

Question 10

It is our idea of ourselves that is multidimensional, multifaceted, active, and changing, and it depends on what we are thinking now and on the social context. What is it?

Answer 10

Self-Concept

Question 11

What are the specific beliefs by which we define ourselves?

Answer 11

Self-Schema

Question 12

What are the images of what we dream of or dread in the future called?

Answer 12

Possible Selves

Question 13

What do you call the mental templates or knowledge structure by which we organize our worlds?

Answer 13

Schema

Question 14

What is the framework that helps us understand and organize information about our world?

Answer 14

Schema

Question 15

What are the factors that constitute our self-concept?

Answer 15

1. The Roles We Play
2. Social Comparison
3. Success and Failure
4. Other People’s Judgement
5. The Culture

Question 16

What is our way to validate reality, which is also a social mechanism?

Answer 16

Social Comparison

Question 17

How do we evaluate one’s abilities and opinions?

Answer 17

Social Comparison; through social comparison; comparing oneself with others.

Question 18

What do you call the term when we compare ourselves with other people and consider how we differ?

Answer 18

Social Comparison

Question 19

What is the tendency to use others as a mirror for perceiving ourselves?

Answer 19

Looking-glass Self

Question 20

What do you call the way we validate our sense of self, that is, through others or in relation to others?

Answer 20

Looking-glass Self

Question 21

Calling the process of using the responses and opinions of others as a “mirror” to assess and comprehend ourselves is what?

Answer 21

Looking-glass Self

Question 22

What factors that constitute our self-concept pertain to what people think well of us and help us think well of ourselves?

Answer 22

Other People’s Judgement

Question 23

In cultural psychology, what is seen as mutually constitutive?

Answer 23

Self and Culture

Question 24

Why does self and culture seen as mutually constitutive?

Answer 24

Because culture transforms us then we transform the culture.

Question 25

What results to independent self or identity as a unique individual?

Answer 25

Individualism

Question 26

What concept pertains to giving priority to one's own goals and defining one's identity in terms of attributes?

Answer 26

Individualism

Question 27

What concept pertains to giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly?

Answer 27

Collectivism

Question 28

What results to interdependent self or identity in relation to others?

Answer 28

Collectivism

Question 29

What was the test used to identify self and culture, particularly individualistic or collectivistic?

Answer 29

Twenty Statements Test

Question 30

What test repeatedly asks the question, "Who am I?"?

Answer 30

Twenty Statements Test

Question 31

In the Twenty Statements Test, what did the Americans and Japanese used to answer the question?

Answer 31

The Americans used more trait descriptions, while the Japanese used more role-specific answers.

Question 32

In the Philippines, the self and the other is integrated into what?

Answer 32

Kapwa

Question 33

What are the 5 Major Categories of Self Aspect?

Answer 33

1. Relational Social Roles (e.g., anak) 2. Social Roles (e.g., estudyante) 3. Situations (e.g., sa bahay) 4. Superordinate Categories (e.g., ang gusto kong baguhin) 5. No contextual reference (e.g., ako)

Question 34

An individualistic self-concept disapproves of what?

Answer 34

Conformity

Question 35

A collectivistic self-concept disapproves of what?

Answer 35

Egotism

Question 36

What is the overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth?

Answer 36

Self-Esteem

Question 37

What is the tendency to underestimate the time of completion of task?

Answer 37

Planning Fallacy

Question 38

What is the best way not to do the planning fallacy?

Answer 38

Be more realistic about how long tasks took in the past. However, we tend to misremember those previous tasks.

Question 39

What do we call the tendency for us to overestimate the enduring impact of emotion-causing events?

Answer 39

Impact Bias

Question 40

We are also susceptible to the tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of our "psychological immune system." What is it called?

Answer 40

Immune Neglect

Question 41

What do we call the term when we think that events that cause strong emotions will affect us for a longer time than they actually do?

Answer 41

Impact Bias

Question 42

We often underestimate our ability to recover from tough situations, therefore we don't realize how quickly we can emotionally bounce back from negative events. What is this term called?

Answer 42

Immune Neglect

Question 43

What are the psychological evaluation of objects?

Answer 43

Attitudes

Question 44

What are the two types of attitudes?

Answer 44

Implicit and Explicit Attitudes

Question 45

Alternatively referred to as automatic attitudes, these can be modified via practice, leading to the formation of new habits. What is the name of this?

Answer 45

Implicit Attitudes

Question 46

These are also known as conscious and controlled attitudes, and they are changeable through persuasion and education. What is this?

Answer 46

Explicit Attitudes

Question 47

We might have varying attitudes toward the same thing, either implicitly or explicitly. What is this?

Answer 47

Dual Attitudes

Question 48

Why is self-esteem contingent with situations?

Answer 48

Because what makes us feel good about ourselves can vary based on what we care about most.

Question 49

What else may impact our self-esteem?

Answer 49

Self-perceptions can also have an influence; how we see ourselves can affect how we perform.

Question 50

Self-esteem feelings are radars for what?

Answer 50

Rejection

Question 51

How is self-esteem bounded by the standards of society?

Answer 51

When people with high self-esteem experience failure, they often protect their self-worth by seeing others as failing too or by convincing themselves that they’re still better than others.

Question 52

What do we do when we want to avoid social rejection?

Answer 52

We become more sensitive to what others expect from us.

Question 53

What happens when high narcissism is combined with high self-esteem?

Answer 53

High Aggression

Question 54

Does aggressiveness also stem from low narcissism and high self-esteem?

Answer 54

No, it doesn't necessarily result to aggression.

Question 55

What do we call the sense that one is competent and effective?

Answer 55

Self-Efficacy

Question 56

What do we call the belief we have in our ability to succeed in specific tasks or situations?

Answer 56

Self-Efficacy

Question 57

What do we name the extent to which individuals believe that events are either externally governed by chance or external forces, or that they can control them internally via their own efforts?

Answer 57

Locus of Control

Question 58

What do we call the locus of control where we think we have the power to shape our own fate?

Answer 58

Internal Locus of Control

Question 59

What do we call the locus of control where we believe fate is decided by chance or external factors?

Answer 59

External Locus of Control

Question 60

When a person or animal feels powerless to stop a string of unfortunate events, what kind of despair and surrender is that person or animal learning?

Answer 60

Learned Helplessness

Question 61

What may be a predictor of depression?

Answer 61

Learned Helplessness

Question 62

After encountering numerous challenging circumstances over which we feel helpless, what happens when we give up and become hopeless?

Answer 62

Learned Helplessness

Question 63

What happens if we are presented with too many options?

Answer 63

A paralysis; a dissatisfaction because there is an alternative.

Question 64

What is the tendency to perceive oneself favorably?

Answer 64

Self-Serving Bias

Question 65

What form of self-serving bias is it that makes one want to blame other people for bad things happening to them while attributing great results to themselves?

Answer 65

Self-Serving Attribution

Question 66

What is the tendency to perceive one's group favorably?

Answer 66

Group-Serving Bias

Question 67

What is the term for the inclination toward an optimistic outlook on life?

Answer 67

Unrealistic Optimism

Question 68

We are more vulnerable when we have unrealistic optimism since we are more prone to it. What is this?

Answer 68

Illusory Optimism

Question 69

What does illusory optimism imply?

Answer 69

If we believe nothing bad will happen to us, we might not take proper precautions.

Question 70

What term do we use to describe the tendency to overestimate the similarities between one's beliefs and one's unwanted or unsuccessful actions?

Answer 70

False Consensus Effect

Question 71

What do we name the tendency to undervalue the similarities between one's skills and desired or successful behaviors?

Answer 71

False Uniqueness Effect

Question 72

What happens when we act in ways that serve as an acceptable excuse for future failure in order to safeguard our self-esteem?

Answer 72

Self-Handicapping

Question 73

What do handicaps protect?

Answer 73

Both self-esteem and public image.

Question 74

What term do we use for the act of expressing oneself and acting in a way intended to leave a favorable or idealistic impression?

Answer 74

Self-Presentation

Question 75

What term do we use to describe the ability to be aware of one's appearance in social circumstances and modify behavior to convey the desired impression—calling ourselves social "chameleons"?

Answer 75

Self-Monitoring

Question 76

Why is social desirability salient among Filipinos?

Answer 76

Filipinos respond in ways they think will be viewed positively by others, rather than giving their true answers.

Question 77

What are the two impression management?

Answer 77

Self-Presentation and Self-Monitoring