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Advanced Biology > Chapter 2- Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Tissues Flashcards

(50 cards)

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0
Q

Connective Tissue Characteristics

A

Variations in blood supply

  • some are well vascularized
  • some are avascular (poor blood supply)
  • nonliving cells that surround living cells
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1
Q

Connective tissue

A

Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widespread tissues
Functions - binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection

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2
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

2 main elements
Ground substance: mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
-fibers
–produced by the cells
–3 types
—collagen (white), elastic (yellow), reticular

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3
Q

Connective tissue types

A

Bone, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue (adipose, areolar, reticular)

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4
Q

Bone

A 
Osseous tissue
Composed of 
- bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
- hard matrix of calcium salts
- large numbers of calcium fibers 
Protect and support the body
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5
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A 
Most common 
Composed of
- abundant collagen fibers 
-rubbery matrix 
Locations 
-larynx 
-entire fetal skeleton before birth
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6
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Highly compressible
Location
-cushion like discs between vertebrae

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7
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Provides elasticity
Location
-supports the external ear

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9
Q

Dense connective tissue

A 
Dense fibrous tissue
Main matrix element is collagen fibers 
Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers 
Locations
Tendons:attach skeletal muscle to bone
Ligaments: attach bone to bone at joints 
Dermis: lower layers of skin
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10
Q

Loose Connective Tissue types

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular connective tissue, blood

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11
Q

Areolar Tissue

A 
most widely spread
soft, pliable, like cobwebs
packing tissue
contains all fiber types
can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
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12
Q

Adipose Tissue

A 
Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
many cells contain large lipid deposits 
funtions
-insluates 
-protects organs
-site of fuel storage
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13
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A 
Delicate network of interwoven fibers
locations
-forms stroma (Internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
-- lymph nodes
--spleen
--bone marrow
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14
Q

Blood (vascular tissue)

A

Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma
fibers are visible during clotting
functions as the transport vehicle for transport

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15
Q

Muscle Tissue Types

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

produce movement

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16
Q

Muscle Tissue Types

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, nervous

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17
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A 
voluntary control
contracts to pull on bones or skin
produces gross body movements or facial expressions
characteristics
-striated
-multinucleate
-long, cylindrical cells
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18
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A 
involuntary control
found only in heart
pump blood 
characteristics
-striated
-one nucleus per cell
-cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
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19
Q

Smooth Muscle

A 
involuntary
found in walls of hallow organs such as stomach, uterus, & blood vessels
characteristics
-no striations
-one nucleus per cell
-spindle shaped cells
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20
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

composed of neurons and nerve support cells
send impulses to other areas of the body
-irritability
-conductivity
support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons

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21
Q

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

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A

Regeneration

Fibrosis

22
Q

Regeneration

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A

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

23
Q

Fibrosis

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A

repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue

scar tissue

24
Q

Whether regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends on

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A

types of tissue damaged

severity of the injury

25
Events in Tissue Repair
Inflammation Granulation Tissue Forms Regeneration of surface epithelium
26
Inflammation
Capillaries become very permeable clotting proteins migrate to the area from the blood stream clot walls off the injury
27
Granulation Tissue Forms
growth of new capillaries | rebuild collagen fibers
28
Regeneration of surface epithelium
scab detaches
29
Tissues that Regenerate Easily
``` Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes) Fibrous connective tissues and bones ```
30
Tissues that regenerate Poorly
skeletal muscle
31
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
cardiac muscle | nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
32
Developmental Aspects of Tissue
Epithelial Tissue arises from all 3 primary germ layers Muscle and Connective Tissue arise from the mesoderm nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm with old age, there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues
33
concepts of cell theory
basic structural and functional unit of living things activity of an organism is based on collective activity of its cells principle of complementarity states the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific sub-cellular structures continuity of life has a cellular basis
34
chemical components of cells
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
35
Cells and tissues
carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life cells are building blocks of all living things tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
36
Body Tissues
``` 4 primary types -epithelial tissue (epithelium) -connective tissue -muscle tissue -nervous tissue -epithelial tissue locations -body covering -body linings -glandular tissue functions -protection -absorption -filtration -secretion ```
37
Epithelium Characteristics
``` fit close together form sheets apical surface: free surface of the tissue lower surface: basement membrane avascular regenerate easily if well nourished ```
38
Classification of Epithelia
``` Number of cell layers -simple: one layer -stratified: multiple layers Shape of Cells -squamous (flattened) -cuboidal (cube-shaped) -columnar (column-like) ```
39
Simple Squamous
``` single layer forms membranes -lines body cavities -lines lungs and capillaries functions -diffusion -filtration -secretion of membranes ```
40
Simple Cuboidal
``` single layer locations -common in glands and their ducts -forms walls of kidney tubules -covers the ovaries functions -secretion -absorption simple epithelia ```
41
Simple Columnar
``` single layer mucus-producing goblet cells location -lines digestive tract functions -secretion -absorption ```
42
Pseudostratified Columnar
Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others often looks like double layer, but all cells rest on the basement membrane location -respiratory tract functions -absorption -secretion
43
Stratified squamous
``` cells at the apical surface are flattened function -protection where friction is common locations -lining of the skin, mouth, esophagus ```
44
Stratified Cuboidal
2 layer cuboidal cells | protection
45
Stratified Columnar
surface cells are columnar cells underneath vary in size and shape protection
46
Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar
RARE in human body | found mainly in ducts or large glands
47
Transitional Epithelium
composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching functions -stretching and being able to return to normal shape location -lines organs of the urinary system
48
Glandular Epithelium
1 or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product secretions contain protein molecules in aqueous (water-based) fluid 2 major gland types -endocrine -exocrine
49
Endocrine gland
DUCTLESS since secretions diffuse into blood vessels | all secretions are hormones
50
Exocrine gland
secretions empty through DUCTS to the epithelial surface | include sweat and oil glands

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