Chapter 4 Skeleton Flashcards by Abbie Meredith

Function

Support the body
Protect soft organs 
Allow Movement due to attached skeletal muscles 
Store minerals and fat 
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parts of the skeletal system

Subdivisions

Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

Axial
Appendicular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 basic types of bone tissue

Compact

Sponges

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Long bones

Longer than wides haft with head at both ends
Compact bone
All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Short bones

Cube shaped
Spongey bone
Bones of the wrist and ankle
Sesame if bones are a type of short bone which form within tendons (patella)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flat bones

Thin
Flattened
Curved
Too thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Irregular bones

Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Ex
Vertebrae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diaphysis

Shaft

Composed of compact bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epiphysis

Ends of the bone

Spongy bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Periosteum

Outsider covering of the diaphysis

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Arteries

Supply bone cells with nutrients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Articulate Cartilage

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epiphyseal plate

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epiphyseal line

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Adult bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Marrow (medullary) cavity

Cavity inside the shaft
Yellow marrow (fat) in adults
Red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is red marrow located in adults?

Situated and cavities of spongy bone and epiphyses of some long bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Surface features of bones

Sites of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Passages for nerves and blood vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Categories of bone bone marking

Projections or processes- grow out from the bone surface and terms begin with t
Depressions or cavities- indentations and terms begin with f

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Osteon (haversian) system

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Central (haversian) canal

Opening in the center of an osteon

Carries blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lacunae

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

Arranged in concentric rings called lamellae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lamellae

Rings around the central canal

Sites of lacunae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Canaliculi

Study These Flashcards

Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

What kind of cartilage is the skeleton in embryos

Hyaline

Cartilage remains in

Bridge of the nose Part of ribs Joints

What allows for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood

Epiphyseal

Old cartilage is

Ossified

Process of cartilage becoming bone

Broken down Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity Bone replaces cartilage through osteoblasts

Bones are remodeled in response to 2 factors

Blood calcium levels | Pull of gravity and muscles in the skeleton

Appositional growth

Bones grow in width

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Osteoblasts

Bone forming cells

Osteoclasts

Giant bone destroying cells | Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in the parathyroid hormone

Repair of bone fracture

Hematoma- blood-filled swelling is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage Callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is in remodeled it to form a permanent patch

Two sets of bones in the skull

Cranium Facial Joined by sutures Only the mandible is attached by a freely moveable joint

Axial skeleton

``` Forms the longitudinal axis of the body Divided into three parts skull vertebral column the bony thorax ```

Paranasal sinuses

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Lighten the skull Give resonance and amplification voice

Hyoid bone

Only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Swallowing and speech

Fetal skull

Large in comparison to total length of infant | 1/4 bodyweight compared to adult skull which is 1/8

Fontanels

Fibrous membrane connecting the cranial bones Allow skull compression during birth Allow brain to grow Convert to bone within 24 months of birth

Comminuted Fracture

bone breaks into many fragments

Compression Fracture

bone is crushed

Depressed Fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

Impacted Fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

Spiral Fracture

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone

Greenstick Fracture

bone breaks incompletely

the vertebral column

each vertebrae has a given name according to its location 24 single vertebral bones separated by vertebral discs

how many vertebrae are in the neck?

7 cervical vertebrae

how many vertebrae are in the chest region?

12 thoracic vertebrae

how many vertebrae are associated with the lower back?

5 lumbar vertebrae

how many vertebrae fuse together to form two composite bones? What are these bones called?

9 vertebrae sacrum coccyx

the characteristics of the primary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions are...

present from birth | form a c-shaped curvature as in newborns

the characteristics of the secondary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions

develop after birth | form an s-shaped curvature as in adults

sacrum

formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae

coccyx

formed by the fusion of 3-5 vertebrae | tailbone, or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have

the bony thorax

``` forms a cage to protect major organs 3 parts sternum ribs thoracic cavity ```

ribs

``` true ribs (pairs 1-7) false ribs (pairs 8-12) floating ribs (pairs 11-12) ```

Chapter 4 Skeleton Flashcards

(58 cards)