Chapter 2 vocab Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
anabole
A
a building up
2
Q
endo
A
inside
3
Q
exo
A
outside
4
Q
glyco
A
sugar
5
Q
hydro
A
water + lysis, breakdown
6
Q
phragm
A
partition
7
Q
katabole
A
a throwing down
8
Q
katalysis
A
dissolution
9
Q
lipos
A
fat
10
Q
metabole
A
change
11
Q
ose
A
sugar/carbs
12
Q
ase
A
enzyme
13
Q
dia
A
across/through
14
Q
sakcharon
A
sugar
15
Q
mono
A
single
16
Q
di
A
two
17
Q
poly
A
many
18
Q
co
A
with
19
Q
valent
A
having power
20
Q
cell
A
smallest unit of matter
21
Q
molecule
A
chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons
22
Q
compound
A
any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements
23
Q
ion
A
atoms or molecules with an electric charge
24
Q
cations
A
ions with positive charge
25
anions
ions with negative charge
26
ionic bonds
chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
27
covalent bond
bond created by the sharing of electrons between atoms
28
single covalent bond
sharing of one pair of electrons
29
double covalent bond
sharing of two pairs of electrons
30
nonpolar covalent bond
sharing of electrons equally
31
polar covalent bond
sharing of electrons unequally
32
surface tension
attraction between water molecules at a free surface slows the rate of evaporation
33
Metabolism
refers to chemical reactions in the body
34
work
movement or change in the physical structure of matter
35
energy
capacity to perform work
36
kinetic energy
energy of motion
37
potential energy
stored energy
38
decomposition reaction
breaks a molecule into smaller fragments
39
synthesis
assembles larger molecules from smaller compents
40
exchange reaction
parts of reacting molecule are shuffled around
41
equilibrium
rates of two reactions are in balance
42
activation energy
amount of energy required to start a reaction
43
catalysts
compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed
44
exergonic
reactions that release energy
45
endergonic
reactions that absorb energy
46
nutrients
essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet
47
metabolites
molecules that are synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body
48
inorganic compounds
small molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
49
organic compounds
primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and they can be larger and more complex than inorganic compounds
50
water properties
solvent, high heat capacity, essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems
51
solution
consists of uniform mixture of fluid solvent and dissolved solutes
52
ionization
ionic bonds broken apart as individual ions interact with the positive or negative ends of polar water molecules
53
acid
substance that breaks apart in solution to release hydrogen ions
54
base
substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
55
buffer
compounds that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions
56
electrolyte
organic compounds whose ions can conduct an electrical current in solution
57
carbohydrate
organic molecule that contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen
58
glucose
sugar, most important metabolic fuel in the body
59
monosaccharide
dissolve readily in water, rapidly distributed throughout body by blood and other fluids
60
disaccharide
made up of two monosaccharides
61
polysaccharides
larger carbohydrate molecule
62
glycogen
animal starch, polysaccharide
63
lipids
fat, contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen
64
fatty acids
long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms
65
saturated fatty acid
four single covalent bonds of each carbon atom permit neighboring carbon to link to each other
66
unsaturated fatty acid
carbon to carbon bonds are double covalent, fewer hydrogen atoms are present
67
trygylceride
attached to three fatty acids, most common
68
steroids
large lipid molecules composed of four connected rings of carbon atoms
69
cholesterol
best known steroid
70
phospholipid
consists of glycerol and two fatty acids linked to a nonlipid group by a phosphate group
71
protein
most abundant organic compound in human body, most important in many ways
72
support, structural proteins
create three-dimensional framework for body, provides strength, organization, support for cells, tissues and organs.
73
movement, contractile proteins
responsible for muscular contraction, related proteins are responsible for movement of individual cells
74
transport, transport proteins
carry insoluble lipids, respiratory gases, iron and several hormones in blood, others transport materials between different parts of a cell
75
buffering
help prevent potentially dangerous changes in pH in cells and tissues
76
metabolic regulation, Enzymes
accelerate chemical reaction in living cells, control pace and direction of metabolic operations
77
coordination, communication, control, protein hormones
influence metabolic activities of every cell in body or affect function of specific organs or organ systems
78
defence
waterproof proteins of the skin, hair, and nail protect body from environmental hazards
79
antibodies
protect us from disease
80
clotting proteins
restrict bleeding following an injury to the cardiovascular system
81
amino acids
long chains of proteins made of organic molecules
82
peptide bond
individual amino acids strung together, carboxylic acid group of one amino acid attached to the amino group of another.
83
peptide
molecules made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
84
denaturation
when proteins undergo a change in their three-dimensional shape
85
substrates
reactants in enzymatic reaction
86
active site
the special region of the enzyme that substrates bind to for an enzyme to become catalyst
87
nucleic acids
large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
88
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
89
ribonucleic acid
RNA
90
nucleotides
subunits that make up nucleic acids
91
complementary base pairs
adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine
92
double helix
two strands of DNA twist around one another
93
high-energy bonds
covalent bond that stores and unusually large amount of energy.
94
high-energy compound
high-energy bond connecting a phosphate group to an organic molecule
95
adenosine triphosphate, ATP
most important high-energy compound in the body
