Final Exam semester 1 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What is anatomical position
A
Thumbs facing out, body is erect, arms at side, feet and face facing forward
2
Q
What are the levels of organization?
A
chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organs systems, organisms
3
Q
How is the body divided into cavities?
A
ventral cavity and dorsal cavity
4
Q
What cavities are within the ventral cavity?
A
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
5
Q
What cavities are within the dorsal cavity?
A
Cranial and Spinal
6
Q
What cavities are within the thoracic cavity?
A
Pericardial and pleural
7
Q
What cavities are within the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
Peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic
8
Q
What organs are inside the thoracic cavity?
A
The lungs, heart, trachea, aorta, etc.
9
Q
What organs are inside the abdominal cavity?
A
Large intestine, small intestine, liver, pancreas, etc.
10
Q
What organs are in the pelvic cavity?
A
Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, uterus
11
Q
What cavity holds the kidneys?
A
Retro peritoneal
12
Q
What separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
the diaphragm
13
Q
What separate the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity?
A
the hips
14
Q
What is anatomy?
A
the study of internal and external structure and the physical relationship between body parts.
15
Q
What is Physiology?
A
The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
16
Q
What is Gross Anatomy?
A
considers features visible to the unaided eye
17
Q
What is Surface Anatomy?
A
refers to the study of general form and superficial markings
18
Q
What is Regional Anatomy?
A
considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific region
19
Q
What is Systematic Anatomy?
A
considers the structure of major organ systems
20
Q
What is Human Physiology?
A
the study of human functions
21
Q
What is Cell Physiology?
A
the study of the functions of cells
22
Q
What is Special Physiology?
A
the study of physiology of specific organs
23
Q
What is Systematic Physiology?
A
considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems
24
Q
What is Pathological Physiology?
A
the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
25
What is Homeostasis?
its what maintains an organisms internal environment
26
What is Negative Feedback?
a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation
27
What is Positive Feedback?
the initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus
28
What is an example of Positive Feedback?
Childbirth
29
What is an example of Negative Feedback?
Homeostasis
30
How does Negative Feedback work?
receptor goes to control center, control center sends out signal to effector, effector causes a response, response causes a stimulus.
31
How does Positive Feedback work?
A stimulus produces a response and that response reinforces the stimulus and it loops until the reason why the stimulus was produced is completed.
32
Which elements make of 96% of the human body?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
33
What is a trace element?
A chemical element present in minute amounts
34
Compare compound and elements
A compound is made up of multiple elements while an element is made up of a certain type of atom
35
What is the importance of Valence Electrons?
They are important because they determine how the atom can bond with others.
36
What is an isotope?
atoms of an element with different number of neutrons than the original
37
What are radioactive isotopes used for?
Diagnostic procedures
38
Why is Calcium and Phosphorus so important?
They work together to build bones
39
What is a Carbohydrate?
An organic molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; most important form of energy
40
Characteristics of Carbs?
In the form of a monosaccharides, disaccharide, or polysaccharide
41
Example of a Carb
Glucose
42
What is a Lipid?
contains hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, but less oxygen than carbs; Another source of energy
43
Example of a lipid
butter, steroids
44
Characteristics of lipids?
don't dissolve in water
45
What is a Protein?
a polypeptide with complex structure
46
Characteristics of Proteins?
Hydrophilic, structure is based on amino acids
47
Function of Proteins?
Support, Movement, Transport, Buffering, Metabolic regulation, Coordination, Defense
48
Example of a Protein
Hemoglobin
49
What is a Nucleic Acid?
large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; stores and process information at molecular level
50
Characteristics of Nucleic Acids?
Is a polymer, long chain of nucleotide, nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and Nitrogenous base
51
What is an example of a Nucleic Acid?
DNA and RNA
52
What is an Ionic bond?
chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
53
What is a Covalent bond?
atoms that share there valence electrons
54
What is a Polar Covalent bond?
an unequal sharing of electrons
55
What is a Non-polar covalent bond?
an equal sharing of electrons
56
What is a buffer?
compounds that stabilize pH
57
What is pH?
the concentration of hydrogen ions
58
What type of joint is a Synarthrosis?
an Immovable joint
59
What type of joint is Amphiarthrosis?
A slightly movable joint
60
what type of joint is a Diarthrosis?
A freely movable joint
61
What are functions of the skeletal system?
Support, Storage, Blood cell production, Protection
62
What is Hematopoiesis?
production of blood cells
63
What is Intramembranous Ossification?
blueprint for the bones, bones are cartilage
64
What is Endochondral Ossification?
When the bone develops from the Hyaline cartilage
65
What is the first step of Endochondral Ossification?
Chondrocytes enlarge and die as the matrix calcifies
66
What is the second step of Endochondral Ossification?
Osteblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone
67
What is the third step of Endochondral Ossification?
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage,new osteoblasts form a primary ossification center
68
What is the fourth step of Endochondral ossification?
The bone shaft thickens and cartilage near the epiphysis is replaced by bone.
69
What is the fifth step of Endochondral Ossification?
Blood vessels invade epiphyses and osteoblasts form secondary centers of ossification
70
What is the first step of a healing bone?
Extensive bleeding occurs and a fracture hematoma develops
71
What is the second step of a healing bone?
An internal callus forms as spongy bone uniting the inner edges and an external callus of cartilage stabilizes the outer edges
72
What is the third step of a healing bone?
Cartilage of external callus is replaced by bone and spongy bone unites the broken ends. Dead bone closest to the break are removed and replaced
73
What is the fourth step of a healing bone?
swelling marks to location of fracture, the region will be remodelled and little evidence will remain
74
What are the function of the Muscular System?
Produce movement of the skeleton, maintain posture, support soft tissues, guard entrances and exits, maintain temperature
75
What is the name of a muscle cell?
myocyte
76
What is the name of the muscle cell membrane?
Endomysium
77
What is a sarcomere?
It is myofilaments that are organized into repeating functional units
78
What is a neuromuscular junction?
The communication link between the nervous system and a skeletal muscle fiber
79
What is the Synaptic Terminal?
Groove where axon goes
80
What is ACh?
Acetocholine is a neurotransmitter
81
What does ACh do?
It is a chemical that communicates with other cells
82
What is a synaptic cleft?
The space between the Synaptic termical and Sarcolemma.
83
What is the motor end plate?
Portion of membrane that contains receptors that bind the ACh
84
Where are calcium ions stored in a muscle cell?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
85
What is an Isometric contraction?
muscle does not change length
86
What is an Isotonic contraction?
skeletal muscle length changes
87
What is a motor unit?
Muscle fibers that are controlled by a single motor neuron
88
What is a small motor unit?
only a few fibers that are controlled by a motor neuron
89
What is a large motor unit?
possibly thousands of fibers controlled by a motor neuron
90
What are the our four sources of energy used first?
ATP, Creatine Phosphate, Glucose, Adipose
91
What is a Threshold Stimulus?
Only stimulus that allows muscle to respond
92
What is a Sub-threshold stimulus?
stimulus that is too weak to allow muscle contraction
93
What is the sliding filament theory?
When the actin filaments slide of the myosin filaments to shorten the muscle length
94
What happens during the recovery period?
The conditions within the muscle are returned to normal preexertion levels
95
What happens in the Latent Period?
begins stimulus and action potential sweeps across the sarcolemma, contraction has not started yet
96
What happens in the Contraction Phase?
tension rises to a peak, cross bridges are interacting with the active sites on the actin filaments
97
What happen in the relaxation phase?
muscle tension falls to resting levels as calcium levels drop, active site are covered
98
What is an origin?
Where a muscle begins
99
What is an insertion?
Where the muscle ends
100
What is the first step of the contraction cycle?
active cite is exposed following the binding of Ca ions to troponin
101
What is the second step of the contraction cycle?
Myosin crossbridges form and attach to exposed active cite on actin
102
What is the third step of the contraction cycle?
Attached myosin pivots toward center of sarcomere, ADP and phosphate group are released
103
What is the fourth step of the contraction cycle?
Cross bridges detach when myosin head bind another ATP molecule
104
What is the fifth step of the contraction cycle?
Detached myosin head is reactivated as it splits ATP and captures released energy
105
What is diffusion?
net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration to low concentration
106
What is Passive Transport?
ions or molecules moved across cell membrane without use of energy
107
What is Active Transport?
something moved across membrane that requires energy, typically ATP
108
What is an example of Passive Transport?
diffusion
109
What is an example of Active Transport?
endocytosis
110
What is Osmosis?
diffusion of water across a membrane
111
What is filtration?
when hydrostatic pressure forces water across a membrane
112
What is facilitated diffusion?
when larger molecules are transported across the membrane with the help of transport proteins
113
What is a Sodium-Potassium pump?
The process of ejecting sodium ions and gaining potassium ions
114
What is Dialysis?
process of removing waste products and excess fluid from the body
115
What is Endocytosis?
packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at surface for import in
116
What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?
formations of small vesicles at membrane surface to important certain substances
117
What is Pinocytosis?
formation of small vesicle filled with extracellular fluid, drinking
118
What is Phagocytosis?
cell eating
119
What is Exocytosis?
Functional reverse of endocytosis
120
What is protein synthesis?
RNA being made from the DNA
121
What organelle is involved in protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
122
How is tRNA made?
mRNA being translated
123
How is mRNA made?
transcription
