chapter 2 week 7/29 & 7-31 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in chapter 2 week 7/29 & 7-31 Deck (23)
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1
Q

What factors influences the rate of reactions?

A

Availability of the reactant - the more reactants available, the more chance they will come into contact with each other
The temperature of the environment influences the rate of the reaction.
When the temperature increases, the speed of molecular movement increases and the chance of molecules meeting improves.
Temperture also increases the velocity at which the reactants meet. The velocity provides the energy for the reaction.
Warm room -particles are moving faster
Velocity helps provide the energy for the reaction

2
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

the formation and breaking of chemical bonds

3
Q

What is a chemical equation?

A

the way in which the reaction is described in writing; it shows the molecular formula of the reactants (X and Y) and the products (Z) as well as the direction of the reaction (shown by the arrow)

X + Y —- Z

4
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical reactions?

A

synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions

5
Q

One type of chemical reaction is synthesis; explain?

A

synthesis reaction - when a new and more complex chemical is made from multiple, simpler chemicals.
X + Y —– XY Ex: O + O = O₂ (the formation of the oxygen molecule)
- occur in the body when the simple molecules absorbed during the digestive process are joined into larger molecules needed by cells for life processes
- new bonds are formed so energy is needed
- after bonds are formed, potential energy is stored in the chemical bonds

6
Q

Another type of chemical reaction is decomposition; explain?

A

when single, complex chemical is broken down into multiple, simpler chemicals
XY—–X + Y Ex: 2 H₂O—-2H₂ + O₂ (breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen gas)
- examples are the reactions that break down nutrients, such as fats in adipose tissue, into the simpler molecules (i.e., fatty acids) needed by the body.
- energy is released from the breaking of the chemical bonds ( the potential energy stored in the bonds is released)

7
Q

Last type of chemical reaction is exchange reaction; explain?

A

when certain atoms are exchanged between molecules. It is a combination of a synthesis and decomposition reaction
WX + YZ —- WY + XZ
example: the reaction of sodium bicarbonate given for indigestion relief, with hydrocholoric acid in the stomach
NaHCO₃ + HCL —– NaCl + H₂O + CO₂
(note: # of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the chemical equation)

8
Q

What is the 2 in (2 H₂O)

A

the number 2 used as a prefix to a molecule denotes the number of molecules of reactant used or product created

9
Q

What do chemical reactions require?

A

input of energy or they release energy

10
Q

What is the activation energy?

A

the energy required for the reaction to happen

ex: kitchen match - use friction to light the match (the striking of the match is the energy to get it lit)

11
Q

What is a catalyst?

A
  • what certain reactions require
  • in living organisms they are usually special proteins that hold the reactants together so they may interact.
  • they are not destroyed or used up by the reaction
  • when more catalyst are present, the reaction speed is increased
    ex: yeast
12
Q

The digestion of food uses which type of chemical reaction?

A

decomposition reaction

13
Q

What is endothermic reaction?

A

when energy was put into the reaction - final product has more energy than the original reactant
ex: photosynthesis - (long term) seed to tree

14
Q

What is a exothermic reaction?

A

the end product has less energy than the original reactant. (cannot light a match once it has been used

15
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • special catalyst proteins
  • lower the activation energy required for reaction & they speed up the rate of reaction
  • fever kills off enzymes
  • will denature the protein at a certain temperature and a certain ph
16
Q

What is a substrate?

A

substance acted on by an enzyme.

17
Q

What is enzyme substrate complex

A

combines with enzyme

18
Q

What are some factors that can influence the rate of reactions?

A
  1. the availability of reactants - referred to as the concentration of reactants (the more reactants available, the more likely they will come in contact with each other)
  2. the temperature of the environment - when temperature increases, the speed of molecular movement increases and the chance of molecules meeting improves. Temperature also increases the velocity at which reactants meet (the velocity provides the energy for the reaction)
19
Q

Molecules that make up living organisms are divided into two categories. What are they?

A

Organic and inorganic

20
Q

What are some facts about the term inorganic compounds?

A
  • they do not contain hydrocarbon groups (hydrogen and carbon bonded together)
  • they have ionic bonding
    Ex: water, salt, acids & bases - all important in living organisms
21
Q

What are some facts about organic compounds?

A
  • are molecules that contain hydrocarbon groups & usually covalently bonded
  • made up of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids
  • made of hydrocarbon chains and often contain a functional group
22
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms that defines the properties of the organic molecule.

23
Q

Are both organic and inorganic molecules essential for like on earth?

A

Yes