Chapter 20

Question 1

What are the 5 main threats to Biodiversity (HIPPO)

Answer 1

H - Habitat Destruction
I - Invasive Species
P - Population (of humans)
P - Pollution
O - Overexploitation/Over harvesting

Question 2

Habitat Destruction example

Answer 2

Costa Rican Rainforest

Question 3

Invasive Species example

Answer 3

1960s Nile Perch into Lake Victoria in East African as food wiped out > 200 small native species

Question 4

Population (of humans) example

Answer 4

1975-2075 greatest population growth, South Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Question 5

Pollution example

Answer 5

Plastic pollution in the sea, burning of fossil fuels

Question 6

Overexploitation/Over harvesting example

Answer 6

whaling - Atlantic Grey whale extinction
-> includes “exotic” pets

Question 7

Define and describe biodiversity “hot spots”, where they occur.

Answer 7

Biodiversity “hot spots” -> small areas with huge number of endangered species

Occurs where -> Tropics, Islands, and Mediterranean (total < 1.5% of earth land surface)

Question 8

Define endemic species

Answer 8

Only occurs in one place

Question 9

parasitism

Answer 9

-positive effect on the symbiont and negative effect on the host
-Ex: giant tapeworm in whale; tapeworm gets good and shelter (in whale intestines); whale gets weaker (depriving the whale of nutrients)

Question 10

Interactions between Species (biotic factors)

Answer 10

-Competition
-Predation
-Symbiotic relationships

Question 11

define and describe ecological niche

Answer 11

total of a species use of resources of its habitat

Question 12

define and describe competitive exclusion principle

Answer 12

-No 2 species can occupy an identical niche → one species wins and eliminates the other

-Ex: 2 species of paramecium (protist) → “winner” uses resources more efficiently and prolly reaches sexual maturity faster → reproduces faster → local extinction in a beaker

Question 13

Predator

Answer 13

consumer

Question 14

Prey

Answer 14

food

Question 15

who does natural selection favor

Answer 15

both predator and prey

Question 16

Co-evolution

Answer 16

1 species evolved in response to another (over time, over many generations)

Question 17

types of co-evolution

Answer 17

Predator-prey
Herbivore-plant
Pollinator-plant
Parasite-host

Question 18

Prey defenses

Answer 18

-Cryptic coloration
-Warning coloration
-Mimicry (2 types)

Question 19

Cryptic coloration

Answer 19

camouflage; ex: stick insects

Question 20

Warning coloration

Answer 20

usually toxic with bright colors (flashing a big warning saying im toxic); ex: poison arrow frog, blue-ringed octopus

Question 21

Mimicry

Answer 21

copycat adaptation
1. Batesian
2.Mullerian

Question 22

Batesian

Answer 22

harmless species mimics a harmful one
Ex: hawk moth larva (caterpillar) mimics a snake head

Question 23

Mullerian

Answer 23

two harmful species look similar
Ex: bees and wasps

Question 24

define symbiosis, list the 3 types

Answer 24

Symbiosis → two species living together indirect contact; Symbiont = smaller part, Host = larger part

commensalism, parasitism, mutualism

Question 25

commensalism

Answer 25

-positive effect on the symbiont and a neutral effect on the host -Ex: barnacle on a whale; barnacle finds a place to live and a free ride to filter feed

Question 26

mutualism

Answer 26

-positive effect on the symbiont and host -Ex: yucca and the yucca moth; yucca moth is the soul pollinator of the yucca; moth gets a mating spot (flowers) → female lays fertilized eggs in the ovary of the yucca flower; larvae that hatch eat the seeds in the fruit (not all but some)

Question 27

Species diversity in communities

Answer 27

More diversity → percentage of all species are the same

Question 28

Disturbance of communities

Answer 28

cause damage

Question 29

Natural disturbances

Answer 29

Earthquakes, floods, fires

Question 30

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis. why?

Answer 30

Medium amount of disturbance is best for species diversity. why? -Too much → species can be wiped out; no time to adapt -Too little → one species can dominate; out competes the others

Question 31

effect of humans

Answer 31

Lead to the decrease in species diversity Ex: humans use roughly 60% of earth’s land surface, mostly for crops (monocultures); and grazing (dairy and beef cattle)

Question 32

primary ecological succession

Answer 32

recolonizing of bare rock; not even soil Ex: volcanic eruptions, retreating glaciers

Question 33

secondary ecological succession

Answer 33

recolonizing where there is still soil Ex: fire, floods