CHAPTER 20

Question 1

phylogeny

Answer 1

evolutionary history of a species or group of species

Question 2

taxonomy

Answer 2

how organisms are named and classified

Question 3

hierarchical classification, DKPCOFGS

Answer 3

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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Question 4

phylogenetic tree

Answer 4

evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in branching diagram

Question 5

branch points

Answer 5

each represents the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor

Question 6

sister taxa

Answer 6

share an immediate common ancestor

Question 7

“rooted”

Answer 7

a branch point within the tree reresents teh most recent common ancestor of all taxons in the tree

Question 8

basal taxon

Answer 8

the lineage that diverges early in the history of a group and lies on a branch that originates near the common ancestor group

Question 9

polytomy

Answer 9

a branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge

Question 10

homologies

Answer 10

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry

Question 11

homoplasies

Answer 11

another name for analogous structures that arose independently

Question 12

cladistics

Answer 12

classifying organisms with common ancestry

Question 13

clades

Answer 13

groups, each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 14

monophyletic

Answer 14

a taxon is equivalent to clade, if consists of ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 15

paraphyletic

Answer 15

consists of an ancestral species and some descendants

Question 16

polyphyletic group

Answer 16

includes taxas with different ancestors

Question 17

shared ancestral character

Answer 17

character that origniated in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 18

shared derived character

Answer 18

evolutionary novelty unique to a clade

Question 19

outgroup

Answer 19

species or group from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the ingroup

Question 20

ingroup

Answer 20

the species we are studying

Question 21

maximum parsimony

Answer 21

first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts, require fewest evolutionary events or fewest base changes in DNA

Question 22

molecular clock

Answer 22

approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observational that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates

Question 23

two kingdoms to three domains

Answer 23

plants and animals to bacteria, archae and eukarya

Question 24

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 24

process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusions of organisms