Chapter 20 Flashcards
A. afarensis (cultural evolution)
Tools - simple pebble tools (Olodowan Tool Culture) Use of fire - no Shelter - trees for protection at night Art - no evidence Religion - no evidence Speech - very rudimentary Food acquisition - hunter-gatherer
A. africanus (cultural evolution)
Tools - simple pebble tools (Olodowan Tool Culture)
Use of fire - no
Shelter - trees for protection at night
Art - no evidence
Religion - no evidence
Speech - very rudimentary
Food acquisition - herbivores, however gradually started to eat meat making their brains more complex - proteins and fats
P. robostus (cultural evolution)
Tools - simple pebble tools (Olodowan Tool Culture)
Use of fire - no
Shelter - trees for protection at night
Art - no evidence
Religion - no evidence
Speech - very rudimentary
Food acquisition - herbivores, however gradually started to eat meat making their brains more complex - proteins and fats
H. habilis (cultural evolution)
Tools - simple pebble tools (Olodowan Tool Culture)
Use of fire - no
Shelter - trees for protection at night
Art - no evidence
Religion - no evidence
Speech - bulge of brocca (speech centre of brain) became larger, larynx however is still not capable of complex sound
Food acquisition - herbivores, however gradually started to eat meat making their brains more complex - proteins and fats
H. erectus (cultural evolution)
Tools - Acheulian - rocks flaked all around edges (tear drop shaped)
Use of fire - for warmth, offered protection and allowed them to leave Africa
Shelter - huts
Art - dance and clapping music
Religion - possibly religion because there were some serious religions later on
Speech - hunting in small groups, requiring more complex communication
Food acquisition - meat eaters, nomadic hunter-gatherers
What did fire allow?
Warmth, protection, allowed them to leave Africa and adapt to new conditions (survival of the fittest, changes within allele frequencies)
H. neanderthanlensis (cultural evolution)
Lived in the ice age
Tools - mousterian - scrapers, piercers, gougers
Use of fire - for warmth, offered protection and allowed them to leave Africa
Shelter - caves, they had very little vegetation (trees etc)
Art - dance and costumes, pigment for body, primitive flute-like instrument
Religion - ceremonial burials, cannibalistic rituals
Speech - development of a social system, excellent speech (intricate hunting methods and hierarchical society)
Food acquisition - very harsh environment (most of day taken up with gathering food)
H. sapiens (cultural evolution)
Tools - aurgination - blade stone tools, solutrean - willow/laurel leaves, magdalenian - bone, wood antler, hafting (spears)
Use of fire - for warmth, offered protection and allowed them to leave Africa
Shelter - using animal hides sewn together
Art - portable art - Aurignation (simple lines, contours), Solutrean (red/black bodies)
Religion - ceremonies,
Speech - development of a social system, excellent speech (intricate hunting methods and hierarchical society)
Olodowan tools? (All A’s/p and habilis)
Pebble tools
Smashing pebbles together, using sharp edge created
Became blunt quickly but easily replaced
Homo habilis brain became more developed (meat eaters - more protein) so they became more selective with their tools and their shape
Overtime, sophistication for tool culture…
Increased overtime
We’ve gotten smarter, starting to use more things
Acheulian (homo erectus)
Tear drop shape
Require time to make, quite sophiscated
Wielded like an axe
Mousterian (neanderthalensis)
Flake tools
Scrape animal pelts -> for clothes and rudimentary shelters
Aurignacian (early sapiens)
Blade tools (made by Cro-Magnon people) 40,000 years ago
Solutrean (sapiens)
Pressure flaking (laurel leaf shape)
Long time to manufacture
Used in ceremonies
Didn’t have an significant/effective use with hunting
Magdalenian (sapiens)
Cut bone/antler to make tools
