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AP210 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dura Mater

A

Tough white fibrous tissue

Serve as outer layer of the meninges and inner periosteum of cranial bones

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2
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Delicate, spiderweb-like layer

Lies between dura mater and pia mater

Innermost layer of meninges

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3
Q

Pia Mater

A

Transparent

Adheres to outer surface of the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels

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4
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

Projects downers into the longitudinal fissure to form a kind of partition between the two cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

Falx Cerebelli

A

Sickle-shaped extension that separates the two halves, or hemispheres, of the cerebellum

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6
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A

Separated the cerebellum from the cerebrum

Forms tentlike covering over the cerebellum

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7
Q

Dura Sinuses

A

Function as venous reservoirs, collecting blood from brain tissues for the return trip to the heart

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8
Q

Epidural Space

A

Outside the dura mater but inside the bony coverings of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Subdural Space

A

Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

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10
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Under the arachnoid and outside the pia mater

Contains significant amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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11
Q

Ventricles

A

Four large, fluid-filled spaces within the brain

First & second(lateral) ventricles, are located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

Third ventricle, little more than thin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the lateral ventricles

Fourth ventricle, tiny, diamond-shaped space where the cerebellum attaches to the back of the brainstem

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12
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

Where separation of fluid from blood take place

Network of capillaries the project from the pia mater into the lateral ventricles and into the riffs of the third and fourth ventricles, then back into blood

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13
Q

Two Deep Grooves

A

Anterior median fissure
-Deeper and wider groove

Posterior median sulcus

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14
Q

Dorsal Nerve Root

A

A.k.a posterior nerve root

Fibers comprising, carry sensory information into spinal cord

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15
Q

Ventral Nerve Root

A

A.k.a anterior nerve root

Fibers, carry motor information out of spinal cord

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16
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Spinal cord ends at vertebra L1 in a tapered cone

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17
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Within, the long cordlike filum terminale is formed from the spinal meninges

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18
Q

Gray Matter Core

A

Gray matter core of the spinal cord looks like a letter H in transverse sections of the cord

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19
Q

Gray Columns

A

Anterior, lateral, and posterior make up the H-shaped rod of gray matter

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20
Q

Gray Commissure

A

A band that joins the left and right volume in the middle

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21
Q

Ascending Tracts

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A

Conduct sensory impulses up the cord to the brain

22
Q

Descending Tracts

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A

Conduct motor impulses down the cord from the brain

23
Q

Medulla Oblongata

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A

Firms lowest part of the brainstem

Part of the brain that attached to the spinal cord

24
Q

Midbrain

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A

Forms uppermost part of brain

25
Pons
Lie between medulla oblongata and midbrain
26
Cerebellum
Little brain Make sure body does just as it’s supposed to Second largest part of the brain (after the cerebrum) but has more neurons than all the other parts of the nervous system
27
Thalamus
Dumbbell-shaped mass of gray matter made up of many nuclei.
28
Function of the Thalamus
Play part in the mechanism responsible for sensations 1-Impulses from appropriate receptors, produce conscious recognition of the crude (less critical sensations of pain, temperature, and touch) 2-Neurons whose dendrites and cell bodies lie in certain nuclei, relay all kinds of sensory impulses to the cerebrum (except possibly olfactory) Plays part in mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses w/ feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness Plays part in arousal/alerting mechanism Plays part in mechanisms that produce complex reflex
29
Hypothalamus
Consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls A link between the psych (mind) and the soma (body) Thermostat of the body
30
Infundibulum
Area where midportion of the hypothalamus gives rise Stalk leading to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
31
Biological Clock
Depends partly on the pineal gland varying its secretion of the hormone melatonin
32
Melatonin
A hormone because it is a molecule released into the blood to regulate functions elsewhere in the body
33
Cerebrum
The largest and uppermost division of the brain, consists of two halves the left and right CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
34
Convolution
A.k.a gyrus The surface of the cerebral cortex that looks like a group of small sausages
35
Between Adjacent Gyri
Lie either shallow grooves called sulci or deeper grooves called fissures
36
Cerebral Hemispheres Divided into Five Lobes
(4 Lobes) Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe (named for bones they lie under) (5th Lobe) Insula-Reil island (lies hidden from view in the lateral fissure
37
Projection Tracts
Extensions of the ascending, or sensory, spinothalamic Tracts and descending, or motor, corticospinal tracts
38
Commissural Tracts
In contrast, extend from a point in one hemisphere to a point in the other hemisphere Choose the corpus callosum and the anterior and posterior commissiures.
39
Corpus Callosum
Prominent white curved structure
40
Parkinson Disease (PD)
Shows the importance of basal nuclei in regulating voluntary motor functions Dopamine inhibits the excitatory effects of acetylcholine produced by other neurons in basal nuclei (such inhibition by dopaminegic neurons produced a balanced, restrained output of muscles-regulating signals from the basal nuclei.
41
Primary Somatic Motor Area
Left Hemisphere Control the limbs, trunk, neck, eyelid and eyeball, face, lips and jaw, tongue, and swallowing.
42
Primary Somatic Sensory Area
Left Hemisphere Control the genitals, the limbs, eye, nose, face, lips, teeth, gums and jaw, tongue, pharynx, and intraabdominal
43
Consciousness
May be defined as a state of awareness of oneself
44
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Consists of centers in the brainstem’s reticular formation that receives impulses from the spinal cord and relay them to the thalamus and from the thalamus to all parts of the cerebral cortex.
45
Two Current Concepts about RAS:
1) It functions as the arousal/altering system for the cerebral cortex 2) its functioning is crucial for maintaining consciousness. Drugs known to depress RAS decreases alertness and induce sleep
46
Lesions
In special centers give rise to language defects called aphasias
47
Limbic system
Aka emotional brain Functions in some way to make us experience many kinds of emotions
48
Three Sensory Neurons
1) Primary 2) Secondary 3) Tertiary
49
Primary Sensory Neurons
Conduct from the periphery to the CNS
50
Secondary Sensory Neurons
Conduct from the cord or brainstem up to the thalamus
51
Tertiary Sensory Neurons
Conduct from the thalamus to the postcentral gyrus of the partial lobe, the somaticosensory area

AP210 (4 decks)

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