Chapter 20: Europe and America: 1800-1870

Question 1

The year 1848 was a pivotal one

Answer 1

revolutions in Italy, France, Germany, Denmark, the Habsburg Empire, parts of Poland, Belgium, the Danube States (Romania), and Ireland.

Question 2

first railway

Answer 2

1825 between Stockton and Darlington England

Question 3

1829- London

Answer 3

first British police force established by Sir Robert Peel, cops were called bobbies after their founder

Question 4

Haussmann Plan

Answer 4

urbanization plan for Paris,

Question 5

casus belli

Answer 5

justification for war, namely how secession was seen as treason in the States

Question 6

Romanticism

Answer 6

An intellectual and artistic movement that began in Europe in the late 18th century and emphasized rejection of Classical (and Neo-Classical) forms and attitudes, interest in nature, the individual’s emotions and imagination, and revolt against social and political rules and traditions.

Question 7

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Answer 7

Like Kant, Hegel stressed art’s ability to reconcile and make sense of opposites—to provide a synthesis of the two opposing components of human existence, called thesis (an idea or pattern of behavior) and antithesis (the direct opposite).

Question 8

Arthur Schopenhauer

Answer 8

But in his major work, The World as Will and Idea (1819), Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) expressed the belief that people are selfish and rarely rational, and that the sciences and the humanities both create the false impression that the world is a reasonable place.

Question 9

Karl Marx

Answer 9

belief in the inherent evil of capitalism and in the historical inevitability of a proletarian revolution was powerfully expressed in his Communist Manifesto

Marx’s belief that revolution was both unavoidable and necessary was based at least in part on his own observation of working conditions in industrial England, where his friend and fellow Communist Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) had inherited a textile factory

As for styles, the only one appropriate for the class struggle and the new state is Realism, which would be understood by the widest audience.

Question 10

transitional figures between Neo-Classicism and Romanticism

Answer 10

Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson (1767–1824) and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780–1867)

Question 11

Romantic artists

Answer 11

prioritized emotions over reason and imagination over realism, but their ways of expressing this point of view differed markedly

Painters turned increasingly to landscape, composers evoked the rustling of leaves in a forest or the noise of a storm, and poets expressed their desire for union with the natural world

artists began to abandon the idealized, remote, and pristine world of Neo-Classical art for graphic images intended to convey the artist’s intense feelings and evoke them in the viewer.

Question 12

Sturm und Drang (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as the leader)

Answer 12

German for “storm and stress”; the German manifestation of Romanticism, which emphasized originality, imagination, and emotion.

Question 13

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Answer 13

wrote Faust, did the sad autobiographical type story The Sorrows of Young Werther where the guy committed suicide but in real life he wrote the book,

Question 14

William Wordsworth (1770–1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)

Answer 14

usually credited with founding the Romantic movement in English poetry

Question 15

among the most widely read poems in the English language

Answer 15

“The Lamb” is one of 19 poems from Blake’s Songs of Innocence

Question 16

Percy Bysshe Shelley

Answer 16

Prometheus Unbound (1820), in which the means of salvation is the love of human beings for one another.

Question 17

Gothic novel

Answer 17

A kind of novel that shares Romantic roots with tales of horror, as in the novels Frankenstein and Dracula.

Question 18

characteristically Romantic attitudes

Answer 18

a love of nature, a passionate belief in the freedom of the individual, and a fiery temperament

Question 19

scherzo

Answer 19

A fast-moving, lighthearted piece of music (Italian for “joke”).

Question 20

Hector Berlioz

Answer 20

the most distinguished French Romantic composer

Question 21

Dies Irae

Answer 21

A medieval Latin hymn describing Judgment Day, used in some Roman Catholic requiems for the dead. (Latin for “day of wrath.”)

Question 22

lieder (Schubert)

Answer 22

German art songs. (The German word for “songs” [singular lied]).

Question 23

intermezzo (Brahms)

Answer 23

In music, an interlude.

Question 24

Frédéric Chopin

Answer 24

His concerts created a sensation throughout Europe, while his piano works exploited (if they did not always create) new musical forms like the nocturne—a short piano piece in which an expressive, if often melancholy, melody floats over a murmuring accompaniment. Chopin is characteristically Romantic in his use of music to express his own personal emotions. The structure of works like the 24 preludes of Op. 28 is dictated not by formal considerations but by the feeling of the moment.

mazurkas and polonaises (traditional Polish dances) and Liszt in his Hungarian Rhapsodies.

Question 25

the “Big Five”

Answer 25

Russia, a group of five composers—Mussorgsky, Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, and Rimsky-Korsakov

Question 26

bel canto

Answer 26

An Italian term for opera that is defined by “beautiful singing.”

Question 27

Gesamtkunstwerk

Answer 27

An artistic creation that combines several mediums, such as music, drama, dance, and spectacle, as in the operas of Wagner. (German for “total artwork.”)

Question 28

leitmotiv (wagner)

Answer 28

A leading motif; a recurring theme or idea in a literary, artistic, or musical work.

Question 29

Transcendentalism

Answer 29

A 19th-century New England literary movement that sought the divine in nature. More generally, the view that there is an order of truth that goes beyond what we can perceive by means of the senses and that it unites the world.

Question 30

heliography | Niépce

Answer 30

A 19th-century form of photography in which bitumen, or asphalt residue, is placed on a pewter plate to render the plate sensitive to light.

Question 31

daguerreotype

Answer 31

A 19th-century form of photography in which a thin sheet of chemically treated, silver-plated copper is placed in a camera obscura and exposed to a narrow beam of light.