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BioHack > Chapter 20 : LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT > Flashcards

Chapter 20 : LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT Flashcards

1
Q

Streaming of protoplasm in unicellular organism like ________ is a simple form of movement

A

Amoeba

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2
Q

All movements are locomotion. T/F

A

F, all locomotion are movement

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3
Q

In ________ cilia helps in the movement of food through cytopharynx.

A

Paramoecium

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4
Q

In paramoecium, cilla doesn’t help in locomotion. T/F

A

F, it helps in locomotion

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5
Q

Hydra uses tentacles for - (2)

A

to capture prey and also locomotion

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6
Q

The 3 types of movement in cells of human body are·

A

Amoeboid ciliary and muscular

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7
Q

Amoeboid movement is exhibited by (2) -

A

Macrophages and leucocytes

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8
Q

Microtubules are involved in amoeboid movement. T/F

A

F, microfilaments are involved

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9
Q

Ciliary movement occurs in most of our internal alveolar organs. T/F

A

F, internal tubular organs

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10
Q

Ex of ciliary movement in the body - (2)

A

In trachea for removing dust and in passage of ova through female reproductive tract

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11
Q

Muscles are endo/meso/ectodermal in origin

A

Mesodermal

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12
Q

About ___-___% of body weight is contributed by muscles

A

40-50

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13
Q

4 special properties of muscles are -

A

excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity

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14
Q

Skeletal muscles other 2 names are -

A

Striated and voluntary muscle

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15
Q

Visceral muscles other 3 names are - (NEET)

A

Striated and voluntary muscle

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16
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are arranged in a branching pattern to form cardiac muscle. T/F

A

T

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17
Q

Cardiac muscles are striated/non-striated

A

striated

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18
Q

Nervous system can control the activities of cardiac muscles indirectly. T/F

A

T

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19
Q

Draw and lable cross section view of muscle bundels and muscle fibres

A

pg: 304

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20
Q

Each skeletal muscle in our body is made of no. of ______ or ______

A

Muscle bundles or fascicles

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21
Q

Fascicles are held together by ______ called _______

A

Common collagenous connective tissue layer called fascia

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22
Q

Each fascicle contains a no. of _______

A

muscle fibre

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23
Q

Each muscle fibre is lined by plasma membrane called ______ enclosing the _________

A

Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm

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24
Q

Sarcoplasma contains many nuclei. T/F

A

T

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25
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a storehouse of -

A

Ca

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26
Q

Muscle fibre has lar e no. of _____ also called -

A

Myofilaments or myofibrils

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27
Q

Draw a dagrammatic representation of a sarcomere

A

pg: 305

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28
Q

The dark band contains only myosin T/F

A

F

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29
Q

Light band contains only actin. T/F

A

T

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30
Q

Light band is called ______ or ______

A

I-band, isotropic band (Trick - l i ght)

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31
Q

Dark band is called ______ or ______

A

A-band, anisotropic band (Trick - d A rk)

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32
Q

Myosin filaments are thinner than actin filaments. T/F

A

F

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33
Q

H zone contains actin filament T/F (NEET)

A

F

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34
Q

Z line is an elastic fibre which bisects -

A

I band

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35
Q

Thin/thick filaments are firmly attached to the Z line

A

Thin

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36
Q

M line is thick/thin elastic/fibrous and bisect -

A

Thin fibrous, A band

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37
Q

Functional unit of contraction is - (NEET)

A

Sarcomere

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38
Q

Anatomical unit of muscle is -

A

Muscle fiber (Check NCERT summary)

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39
Q

Draw and lable a) an actin (thin) filament b) myosin monomer (meromysin)

A

pg: 306

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40
Q

Each actin filament is made of two ______ actins
helically wound to each other

A

F

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41
Q

Each F actin is a polymer of monomeric ________

A

G-actin

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42
Q

One/two/four filaments of protein ________ run
close to the F actins throughout its length

A

Two, tropomyosin

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43
Q

In resting state, a subunit of ______ masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin flaments (NEET)

A

Troponin

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44
Q

Myosin is made of monomers called -

A

. meromyosin

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45
Q

The 2 parts of meromyosin are -

A

Globular head with short arm, tail

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46
Q

HMM consist of ______ and _______

A

Globular head and short arm

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47
Q

Meromyosin fail is called LMM. T/F

A

T

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48
Q

What is cross arm?

A

the head and short are tegether known as cross
arm

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49
Q

The _______ of meromyosin have an active ATPase enzyme (NEET)

A

Globular head

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50
Q

Mechanism of muscle contraction in explained by _______ (NEET)

A

Sliding filament theory

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51
Q

_______ and ________ together constitute the motor unit

A

Motor neuron and the muscles fibres connected
to it

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52
Q

What is motor-end plate?

A

junction between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre

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53
Q

________ binds to subunit of troponin and thereby removes the masking of active sites for myosin

A

Ca2+

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54
Q

Utilising the energy from ATP hydrolysis, myosin head binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form _______

A

cross bridge

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55
Q

A-band retain their length during muscle contraction T/F (NEET 2020)

A

T

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56
Q

Binding of ATP breaks the cross-bridge. T/F

A

T

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57
Q

Repeated activation of the muscles can lead to accumulation of -

A

lactic acid

58
Q

In muscles having reddish appearance _______ content is high

A

Myoglobin

59
Q

Mitochondria is high in red/white fibres

A

Red

60
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is high in red/white fibres

A

White

61
Q

Red/white fibres are aerobic muscles

A

Red muscles

62
Q

White fibers depend on aerobic/anaerobic process of energy

A

anaerobic

63
Q

Chondroitin salts are present in -

A

Cartilage

64
Q

No of bones in human body is -

A

206

65
Q

Pelvic girdle comes under axial skeleton. T/F

A

F

66
Q

No. of bones in axial skeleton are -

A

80

67
Q

It comprises of - (4)

A

Skull vertebral column, ribs sternum

68
Q

Draw and lable diagrammatic view of human skull

A

pg:309

69
Q

Skull consists of a total of no. of bones

A

29

70
Q

No. of cranial and facial bones respectively are

A

Cranial-8, facial bones-14

71
Q

A single _______-shaped bone called ________ is present at the base of the buccal cavity and it is also included in the skull

A

U hyoid

72
Q

Name all the cranial bones

A

Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Frontal (I), Occipital (1),
Ethmoid (1), Sphenoid (1)

73
Q

Name all the facial bones

A

Inferior turbinate (2), Lacrimal bones (2),
Mandible(), Maxilla (2), Nasal bones (2), Palatine
bones (2), Vomer) Zygomatic bones (2)

74
Q

The skull region articulates with vertebral column by ______ (NEET)

A

two occipital condyle

75
Q

Draw and labe right lateral view of vertebral column

A

pg: 310

76
Q

No. of vertebrae in humans is -

A

26

77
Q

Each vertebra has _____ through which spinal cord passes.

A

neural canal

78
Q

First vertebrae is called-

A

Atlas

79
Q

2nd vertebrae is called -

A

Axis

80
Q

Tell the divisions in the vertebral column and the no of bones in them

A

Cervical(7), Thoracic(12), Lumbar(5), Sacra(1),
Coccyx(1)

81
Q

No. of cervical vertebrae is 7 in all mammals. T/F

A

F. Two-toed Sloth (Bradypus) have 9 cervical
vertebrae

82
Q

______ is a flat bone on the ventral/dorsal midline of thorax

A

Sternum ventral

83
Q

Each vertebra has _______ through which the spinal cord passes

A

Neural canal

84
Q

The atlas and occipital condyle form a _______ movement.

A

Condyloid joint, nodding

85
Q

The atlas and axis form _______ joint which help in _______ movement

A

Pivot joint, rotatory

86
Q

No bone is -

A

Axis

87
Q

Yes bone is -

A

Atlas

88
Q

Draw and lable a figure of rib cage

A

pg: 310

89
Q

Total no. of ribs humans is -

A

24

90
Q

Ribs have two articular surfaces on their ventral/dorsal end hence are called-

A

Dorsal, bicephalic

91
Q

First ______ pair of ribs are true ribs.

A

7

92
Q

True ribs are connected to sternum with the help of ______ (NEET)

A

Hyaline cartilage

93
Q

What pair of ribs are vertebrochondral ribs? (NEET)

A

8th 9th 10th

94
Q

False ribs are also called -

A

Vertebrochondral

95
Q

False ribs are joined to the ____ th rib with the help of _______

A

7th Hyaline cartilage

96
Q

What pairs are floating ribs? (NEET)

A

11th and 12th

97
Q

Rib cage is formed by - (3)

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum

98
Q

Draw and lable a frontal view of right pectoral girdle and upper arm

A

pg: 311

99
Q

Draw and lable a frontal view of right pelvic girdle and lower limb bones

A

pg: 311

99
Q

Each limb has _______ no of bones

A

30

100
Q

No. of carpels are -

A

8

101
Q

No. of tarsals are -

A

7

102
Q

No. of phalanges in human body-

A

28(in hands)+ 28(in legs) = 56

103
Q

A ______-shaped bone called ______ covers the knee ventrally

A

cup, patella

104
Q

The longest bone in human body is -

A

Femur

105
Q

Each half of pectoral girdle consists of ______ and ______

A

Scapula and clavicle

106
Q

Scapula is situated between ____ and ____ ribs.

A

2nd-7th

107
Q

Scapula is triangular in shape. T/F

A

T

108
Q

Scapula has a slightly elevated ridge called -

A

Spine

109
Q

Spine project as a flat expanded process called -

A

Acromion

110
Q

Glenoid cavity is present above acromion. T/F

A

F. present below acromion

111
Q

Clavicle articulate with _____ and _____

A

Sternum and acromion

112
Q

Glenoid cavity articulate with ______ shoulder joint. (NEET)

A

Glenoid cavity

113
Q

________ is called collar bone.

A

Clavicle

114
Q

Each coxal bone is formed by fusion of (3) -

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

115
Q

At the point of fusion, a cavity is formed called _______

A

Acetabulum

116
Q

Pubic symphysis contains hyaline/fibrous cartilage.

A

Fibrous cartilage

117
Q

Joints can be present between bone and cartilage. T/F

A

T

118
Q

Joints act as a fulcrum. T/F

A

T

119
Q

The 3 types of joints.
are -

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

120
Q

Fibrous joints are present in - (NEET 2021)

A

Cranium

121
Q

In it, the bones are connected with the help of ______ in the form of ________

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue, sutures

122
Q

Ex of cartilaginous joint - (3) (NEET 2021 & 22)

A

joint between the adjacent vertebrae, Sternum-
ribs and pubic symphysis

123
Q

Synovial joint is characterised by the presence of -

A

fluid-filled synovial cavity

124
Q

Ball & socket joint ex-

A

bt. humerus & pectoral girdle

125
Q

Hinge joint ex-

A

knee joint

126
Q

Pivot joint ex-

A

bt. atlas & axis

127
Q

Gliding joint ex- (NEET)

A

Joint between carpals

128
Q

Saddle joint ex-

A

Between carpals and metacarpals of thumb

129
Q

Joints between phalanges is a type of _______ joint

A

Hinge

130
Q

Autoimmune disorder affecting _______ is myasthenia gravis. (NEET 2021)

A

Neuromuscular junction

131
Q

Myasthenia gravis leads to - (3)

A

fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle

132
Q

Define muscular dystrophy. (NEET 2022)

A

Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle

133
Q

Muscular dystrophy occurs mostly due to - (NEET 2022)

A

Genetic disorder

134
Q

Rapid spasm in muscle occurs due to high Ca2+ in the body fluids. T/F (NEET 2022)

A

F

135
Q

What is tetany? (NEET 2022)

A

Rapid spasm in muscle occurs due to low Ca²+ in
the body fluids

136
Q

What is arthritis? (NEET 2022)

A

Inflammation of joints

137
Q

What is the common cause of osteoporosis? (NEET 2022)

A

Decreased level of estrogen

138
Q

What is osteoporosis? (NEET 2022)

A

Age-related disorder characterised by decreased
bone mass and increased chances of fractures

139
Q

What is gout? (NEET 2021)

A

Inflammation of joint due to deposition of uric acid crystals

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