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A&P 2 > Chapter 20: Lymphatic system and Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Lymphatic system and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define Immunity

A

process that protect the body from cellular injury and disease-causing cells, and pathogens

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2
Q

what are the two components of the lymphatic system

A
  1. lymphatic vessels (tubes)

2. lymphatic tissues and organs (clusters of lymphoid follicles, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

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3
Q

functions of the lymphatic system (3)

A
  1. regulation of interstitial fluid volume
  2. absorption of dietary fats
  3. immune functions
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4
Q

how many lymph trunks are there?

A

nine lymph trunks

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5
Q

intestinal trunk and lumbar trunk drain into what vessel

A

cisterna chyli

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6
Q

what does the cisterna chyli and other lymph trunks drain into?

A

one of two lymph ducts- thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

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7
Q

How does the lymph drain?

A

drains into the blood through low-pressure venous circuit, returns to the heart through valves, skeletal muscles, smooth muscle walls in the lymph-collecting vessels

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8
Q

Describe the lymphatic capillary walls

A

not tightly joined together, able to flap open and close, fluid is able to leak into the blood increasing pressure in the interstitial fluid

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9
Q

what happens when the pressure in the interstitial fluid decreases?

A

endothelial cells flap shut, major role in precise control of the amount of fluid between cells

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10
Q

what is the predominant tissue type of the lymph system?

A

loose CT called reticular tissue that contains specialized cells and thin reticular fibers (traps pathogens)

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11
Q

What do lymphoid organs house?

A

leukocytes: macrophages, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes

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12
Q

What is Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)?

A

loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue that protects the mucous membrane

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13
Q

Where can MALTS be found?

A

tonsils, Peyer’s patches, apendix

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14
Q

What are Lymph nodes?

A

small clusters of lymphatic tissues located along lymphatic vessels throughout the body

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15
Q

What are the functions of Lymph nodes?

A
  • traps pathogens
  • drains out through efferent lymphatic vessels
  • prevents pathogens from being delivered to the blood
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16
Q

What is the spleen?

A

largest lymphoid organ in the body, protects. the body from pathogens that have entered the blood

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17
Q

What is the thymus?

A

secretes hormones that carry on the function of producing T cells

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18
Q

What is the first line of defense of the Immune system?

A

includes the cutaneous and mucous membranes that act as surface barrier to block pathogen into the body

19
Q

What is the second line of defense of the immune system?

A

includes the responses of the cells and proteins that make up the innate immunity

20
Q

What is the third line of defense in the Immune system

A

includes the responses of the cell and protein of adaptive immunity

21
Q

Innate immunity

A

consists of antimicrobial proteins and certain cells that respond quickly. Main response for the first 12 hours (exist in the blood stream)

22
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

responds to specific antigens

23
Q

Natural Killer cells

A
  • located in the blood and spleen

- main response is to activate the T cells of adaptive immunity

24
Q

How does lymphatic and immune system work together?

A
  • lymphoid organs and tissues provide a residence for cells of the immune system
  • lymphoid traps pathogens for the immune system
  • lymphoid organs activate cells of the immune system
25
Q

Phagocytes

A

-includes macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

26
Q

What are the other cells of the innate immunity?

A

-nonphagocytic cells include NK cells, dendritic cells, and basophils

27
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

-includes complement proteins and several types of cytokines

28
Q

complement

A

20 or more plasma proteins produced mostly by the liver

29
Q

what happens when complement proteins are activated?

A
  • cell lysis
  • formation of MAC
  • enhanced inflammation
  • neutralization of viruses
  • enhancing phagocytosis
  • opsonization
  • clearance of immune complexes
30
Q

what are cytokines?

A

proteins produced by several types of immune cells that enhance immune response

31
Q

What cytokines are involved in the innate immunity?

A
  • tumor necrosis factor
  • Interferons
  • interleukins
32
Q

What are the two stages of inflammation?

A
  1. damaged cells release inflammatory mediators

2. phagocytes arrive and clean up the damaged tissue

33
Q

What are the inflammatory mediators?

A
  • histamine
  • serotonin
  • cytokines
  • bradykinin
  • prostaglandins
  • leukotrienes
34
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
35
Q

Phagocyte response from inflammation

A
  • local macrophages are activated and contain invading pathogens
  • inflammatory mediators and complement proteins attract neutrophils (margination)
  • increased permeability known as diapedesis
  • monocytes go to the tissue
  • bone marrow increases production of leukocytes
36
Q

What causes a fever?

A

response when pyrogens are released from damaged cells or certain bacteria

37
Q

Steps of class 1 MHC (4)

A
  1. cell synthesizes either a self antigen or a foreign antigen
  2. antigen is broken down by enzymes in the cytosol
  3. fragment of antigen goes through the RER and is coupled with a class 1 MHC molecule in the RER
  4. MHC-antigen complex leaves the RER bu a vesicle and is inserted into the plasma
38
Q

Steps of class 2 MHC

A
  1. cell ingest a pathogen by phagocytosis
  2. phagocytic vesicle fuses with a lysosome and the antigen is fragmented
  3. lysosome fuses with a vesicle from the RER that contains class 2 MHC molecule
  4. MHC-antigen complex is inserted into the cell’s plasma
39
Q

TH cells

A

exerts their effects through secretion of cytokines

-stimulation of macrophages, TC cells, B cells

40
Q

TC cells

A
  • kill other cells

- release protein perforin are creates pores

41
Q

describe the three phases

A
  • a B cell clone recognizing its specific antigen, which triggers it to undergo changes and secreting antibodies
  • antibodies in the blood rises dramatically
  • persistence of a population of B cells that are faster if another antigen is encountered
42
Q

antibody structure

A
  • basic subunit is a Y-shaped molecule formed from 4 peptide chain (2 heavy and 2 light)
  • each chain has 2 types of regions
    • constant region
    • variable region
43
Q

What are the 5 basic classes of antibody?

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
44
Q

What are the different actions of antibodies (ability to bind antigens)?

A
  • agglutination
  • precipitation
  • opsonization
  • neutralization
  • complement activation
  • stimulation of inflammation

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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