Chapter 21: Respiratory System

Question 1

What does the upper respiratory tract include?

Answer 1

The passageway from the nasal cavity in the larynx

Question 2

What does the lower respiratory tract include?

Answer 2

the passageways from the trachea to the respiratory tract’s terminal structures of the alveoli

Question 3

Describe the collecting zone

Answer 3

this is when the air enters the body is warmed, filtered, moistened as it travels through the zone

Question 4

describe the respiratory zone

Answer 4

this is were gas exchange occurs and includes only the structure that contain the alveoli

Question 5

What are the processes of respiration?

Answer 5

1. pulmonary ventilation
2. pulmonary gas exchange
3. gas transport in the blood
4. tissue gas exchange

Question 6

What are the types of cells and mucous membrane in the Nose?

Answer 6

• stratified squamous
• olfactory mucosa
• respiratory mucosa
• pseudo stratified ciliated

Question 7

What are the three divisons of the Pharynx?

Answer 7

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

Question 8

Describe the shape and function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea?

Answer 8

• c shaped

- rings are supportive enough to keep the trachea open and flexible enough to change diameter during ventilation

Question 9

Bronchi from largest to smallest

Answer 9

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary
• bronchioles

Question 10

What are bronchioles made of?

Answer 10

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 11

What does bronchioles branch into?

Answer 11

-terminal bronchioles
-then branches into smaller respiratory bronchioles
then branches into alveolar ducts

Question 12

What are the three types of alveolar cells?

Answer 12

• type 1
• type 2
• macrophages

Question 13

describe type 1 alveolar cells?

Answer 13

squamous cells account for 90% of the cells, very thin allowing for rapid diffusions

Question 14

describe type 2 alveolar cells?

Answer 14

small cuboidal cells responsible for the synthesis of surfactant

Question 15

describe alveolar macrophages

Answer 15

mobile (motile) phagocytes that clean up and digest debris that are in the alveolus

Question 16

What is surfactant?

Answer 16

chemical that helps reduce the surface tension on the alveoli

Question 17

What is the Hilum?

Answer 17

depression on the surface on each lung where bronchi, blood, and lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter/exit the lungs

Question 18

What vessels are responsible for supplying the tissues of the lung with blood/nutrients?

Answer 18

bronchial arteries, vessels of the systemic circuit of the cardio system

Question 19

What are the two layers of the pleural cavity?

Answer 19

• Pariental Pleura (outer)

- Visceral Pleura (inner)

Question 20

2 inspiratory muscles

Answer 20

• diaphragm

- external and intercostal

Question 21

3 different pressures during ventilation

Answer 21

• atmospheric
• intrapulmonary
• intrapleural

Question 22

What are the three measurements from spirometer?

Answer 22

• TV:
• IRV
• ERV

Question 23

TV

Answer 23

amount of air inhaled or exhaled during quit breathing

Question 24

IRV

Answer 24

volume of air forcibly inspired after TV inspiration (2100-3000 mL)

Question 25

ERV

Answer 25

amount of air forcibly expired after normal TV expiration (700-1200mL) -air remaining called RV

Question 26

4 Pulmonary capacities

Answer 26

1. inspiratory capacity 2. functional residual 3. vital capacity 4. total lung capacity

Question 27

inspiratory cap.

Answer 27

total amount of air that a person can inspire after TV inspiration (TV+IRV)

Question 28

functional residual

Answer 28

volume and amount of air normally left after after TV expiration (ERV+RV)

Question 29

Vital cap.

Answer 29

amount of air that can move in and out of the lungs (ERV+IRV+TV)

Question 30

total lung cap.

Answer 30

total amount of exchangeable air and nonexchangeable air in the lungs (IRV+TV+ERV+RV)

Question 31

What factors can affect pulmonary gas exchange?

Answer 31

- surface area of the respiratory membrane - thickness of the respiratory membrane - ventilation perfusion matching

Question 32

Factors affecting tissue gas exchange

Answer 32

- surface area - distance over which diffusion occurs - perfusion of the tissue

Question 33

What factors affect hemoglobin?

Answer 33

- partial pressure of oxygen in both the lungs and tissue | - affinity with which Hb binds oxygen

Question 34

What does the S-shaped curve demonstrate when Po2 drops low?

Answer 34

when Po2 drops low the percent saturation of Hb changes slightly which helps to load O2 in the lungs

Question 35

What are the three ways Co2 is transported?

Answer 35

- 7-10% of Co2 is dissolves in the blood plasma - 20% is transported to the lungs bound to Hb as carbaminohemoglobin - 70% is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions

Question 36

Explain how the bicarbonate ion acts as a buffer?

Answer 36

H+ binds bicarbonate to make carbonic acid. When blood pH increases or basic the reaction generates H+ that decreases pH (this is also reversible)