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A&P 2 > Chapter 21: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract include?

A

The passageway from the nasal cavity in the larynx

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2
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract include?

A

the passageways from the trachea to the respiratory tract’s terminal structures of the alveoli

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3
Q

Describe the collecting zone

A

this is when the air enters the body is warmed, filtered, moistened as it travels through the zone

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4
Q

describe the respiratory zone

A

this is were gas exchange occurs and includes only the structure that contain the alveoli

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5
Q

What are the processes of respiration?

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. pulmonary gas exchange
  3. gas transport in the blood
  4. tissue gas exchange
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6
Q

What are the types of cells and mucous membrane in the Nose?

A
  • stratified squamous
  • olfactory mucosa
  • respiratory mucosa
  • pseudo stratified ciliated
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7
Q

What are the three divisons of the Pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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8
Q

Describe the shape and function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea?

A
  • c shaped

- rings are supportive enough to keep the trachea open and flexible enough to change diameter during ventilation

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9
Q

Bronchi from largest to smallest

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • bronchioles
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10
Q

What are bronchioles made of?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

What does bronchioles branch into?

A

-terminal bronchioles
-then branches into smaller respiratory bronchioles
then branches into alveolar ducts

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12
Q

What are the three types of alveolar cells?

A
  • type 1
  • type 2
  • macrophages
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13
Q

describe type 1 alveolar cells?

A

squamous cells account for 90% of the cells, very thin allowing for rapid diffusions

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14
Q

describe type 2 alveolar cells?

A

small cuboidal cells responsible for the synthesis of surfactant

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15
Q

describe alveolar macrophages

A

mobile (motile) phagocytes that clean up and digest debris that are in the alveolus

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16
Q

What is surfactant?

A

chemical that helps reduce the surface tension on the alveoli

17
Q

What is the Hilum?

A

depression on the surface on each lung where bronchi, blood, and lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter/exit the lungs

18
Q

What vessels are responsible for supplying the tissues of the lung with blood/nutrients?

A

bronchial arteries, vessels of the systemic circuit of the cardio system

19
Q

What are the two layers of the pleural cavity?

A
  • Pariental Pleura (outer)

- Visceral Pleura (inner)

20
Q

2 inspiratory muscles

A
  • diaphragm

- external and intercostal

21
Q

3 different pressures during ventilation

A
  • atmospheric
  • intrapulmonary
  • intrapleural
22
Q

What are the three measurements from spirometer?

A
  • TV:
  • IRV
  • ERV
23
Q

TV

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled during quit breathing

24
Q

IRV

A

volume of air forcibly inspired after TV inspiration (2100-3000 mL)

25
Q

ERV

A

amount of air forcibly expired after normal TV expiration (700-1200mL)
-air remaining called RV

26
Q

4 Pulmonary capacities

A
  1. inspiratory capacity
  2. functional residual
  3. vital capacity
  4. total lung capacity
27
Q

inspiratory cap.

A

total amount of air that a person can inspire after TV inspiration (TV+IRV)

28
Q

functional residual

A

volume and amount of air normally left after after TV expiration (ERV+RV)

29
Q

Vital cap.

A

amount of air that can move in and out of the lungs (ERV+IRV+TV)

30
Q

total lung cap.

A

total amount of exchangeable air and nonexchangeable air in the lungs (IRV+TV+ERV+RV)

31
Q

What factors can affect pulmonary gas exchange?

A
  • surface area of the respiratory membrane
  • thickness of the respiratory membrane
  • ventilation perfusion matching
32
Q

Factors affecting tissue gas exchange

A
  • surface area
  • distance over which diffusion occurs
  • perfusion of the tissue
33
Q

What factors affect hemoglobin?

A
  • partial pressure of oxygen in both the lungs and tissue

- affinity with which Hb binds oxygen

34
Q

What does the S-shaped curve demonstrate when Po2 drops low?

A

when Po2 drops low the percent saturation of Hb changes slightly which helps to load O2 in the lungs

35
Q

What are the three ways Co2 is transported?

A
  • 7-10% of Co2 is dissolves in the blood plasma
  • 20% is transported to the lungs bound to Hb as carbaminohemoglobin
  • 70% is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions
36
Q

Explain how the bicarbonate ion acts as a buffer?

A

H+ binds bicarbonate to make carbonic acid. When blood pH increases or basic the reaction generates H+ that decreases pH (this is also reversible)

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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