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HAN 202 > Chapter 20 Lymphatics > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

A hematopoietic stem cell will give rise to ______

A
  • ertthrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
  • all of the above
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2
Q

Predict the outcome of an overdose of the hormone erythropoietin

A
  • The blood viscosity increases to levels that may induce heart attacks or strokes.
  • The oxygen-carrying capacity remains unchanged despite elevated red blood cell counts.
  • Red blood cell counts remain unchanged, but the number of reticulocytes increases.
  • Blood viscosity levels decrease while oxygen-carrying capacity increases.
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3
Q

If a patient has pernicious anemia, the inability of the body to absorb vitamin B12 the patient ______

A
  • would have reduced blood iron levels
  • would have a decreased number of red blood cells
  • would have increased levels of hemoglobin
  • would not experience any effects on red blood cells
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4
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • a network of vessels that absorbs fluid that leaks from the blood into surrounding tissues
  • about 3 liters of fluid leak out each day
  • if leakage continued unchecked the body would swell with fluid
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5
Q

3 parts of the lymphatic system

A
  • network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
  • lymph- fluid
  • lymph nodes, tissues, and organs
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6
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood
  • once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics, it is called lymph (clear water)
  • ONE WAY SYSTEM
  • brings fluids back to the heart to reintroduce to the circulatory system
  • together with lymphoid organs and tissues, provide the structural basis of the immune system
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7
Q

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

A

-bring lymphatic fluids to the heart to be reintroduced to the circulatory system

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8
Q

lymphatic vessels

A
  • one way system
  • lymph flows TOWARDS the heart
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymphatic collecting vessels
  • lymphatic trunks and ducts
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9
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A
  • the smallest
  • similar to blood capillaries except they are very permeable (take up cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells)
  • endothelial cells overlap to form one-way minivalves
  • lacteals- specialized lymph capillaries present in small intestines -> absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood
  • anchored by filaments to connective tissues
  • increased interstitial fluid pressure -> minivalves open -> take in lymph fluid -> bring back to heart
  • blind ended tubes in which adjacent endothelial cells overlap each other, forming flaplike minivalves
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10
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A
  • similar to veins except have thinner walls
  • more internal valves
  • anastomose more frequently
  • collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins
  • deep collecting vessels travel with arteries
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11
Q

anastomose

A
  • different structures connect together in the same space

- ex. venous and arterial blood flow collides

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12
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • collections of lymph structures that follow the lymphatic system
  • organized in clusters
  • cervical nodes- neck, infection, sickness
  • axillary node- armpit, breast cancer
  • inguinal nodes- filter blood from the legs
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13
Q

lymphatic trunks

A
  • formed by the union of the largest collecting ducts
  • largest
  • paired lumbar
  • paired bronchomediastinal
  • paired subclavian
  • paired jugular trunks
  • a single intestinal trunk
  • lymphatic capillaries -> collecting vessels -> trunks -> ducts
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14
Q

cisterna chyli

A

-bulbous piece

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15
Q

lymphatic ducts

A
  • lymph is delivered into one of two large ducts
  • right lymphatic duct
  • thoracic duct
  • each empties lymph into venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on its own side of the body
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16
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

-drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax

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17
Q

thoracic duct

A

-arises from the cisterna chyli (large sac) and drains the rest of the body

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18
Q

what propels blood throughout the body

A
  • the heart
  • lymph does not have anything pumping it
  • lymph system is low pressure
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19
Q

lymph transport

A
  • lymph is propelled by:
  • pulsations of nearby arteries
  • contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics
  • milking action of active skeletal MM
  • pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
  • lacks and organ to act as pump, low pressure vessels
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20
Q

lymphoid cells

A
  • lymphocytes the main warriors of the immunes systems
  • two main varieties-
  • t cells (t lymphocytes)- thymus, attack interstitial invaders
  • b cells (b lymphocytes)- bone marrow, attack outside invaders
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21
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • t cells and b cells protect against antigens- anything percieved as foreign
  • ex. bacteria and their toxins, viruses & mismatched RBCs or cancer cells
  • t cells attack and destroy foreign cells
  • b cell produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies
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22
Q

macrophages

A
  • lymphoid cells

- phagocytize foreign substances and help activate t cells

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23
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • lymphoid cells
  • capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes
  • also activate T cells
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24
Q

reticular cells

A
  • lymphoid cells

- produce lymphoid tissues stroma (mattress) that supports other cells in lymphoid organs

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25
Q

_____ can enter lymphatic capillaries

A
  • bacteria
  • large proteins
  • interstitial fluid
  • all of the above****
  • B and C only
26
Q
  1. Name the 4 types of lymph vessels and 2. What is the difference between the right lymphatic ducts and the thoracic duct
A
  1. capillaries, collecting vessels, trunks, ducts
  2. right lymphatic duct drains right axillary, right upper extremities, right side of face, … thoracic duct drains everything else
27
Q

B cells

A
  • b lymphocytes)-
  • made in bone marrow
  • attack outside invaders
  • b cells produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies
28
Q

T cells

A
  • t lymphocytes
  • made in thymus
  • attack interstitial invaders
  • attack and destroy foreign cells
29
Q

lymphoid tissues

A
  • houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes
  • furnishes a surveillance vantage point
  • two types:
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue
  • lymphatic follicles
30
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue

A
  • found in every organ in body
  • made of loose reticular CT
  • larger collections appear in mucous membranes (digestive tract) and lymphoid organs -> where illness can be caused
31
Q

lymphatic follicles (nodules)

A
  • solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells
  • germinal center composed of dendritic and B cells (enlarge when b cells are dividing and producing plasma cells)
  • may form part of larger lymphoid organs (lymph nodes
  • no T cells (only B)
32
Q

lymph organs

A
  • primary lymph organs are where B and T cells mature
  • B cells mature and red bone marrow
  • T cells mature in thymus (in lungs and heart)
33
Q

secondary lymph organs

A
  • where lymphocytes encounter their antigens and are activated
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) -> tonsils, appendix, peyer’s patch (small intestine)
34
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • principle lymphoid organs of the body
  • embedded in connective tissue, in clusters along lymphatic vessel
  • most numerous and doing most of the work
  • near the body surface in inguinal axillary, and cervical regions of the body
  • follow the lymph system
35
Q

functions of lymph nodes

A
  • filter lymph- macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris
  • immune system- lymphocytes are activated and mount and attack against antigens
36
Q

structure of a lymph node

A
  • bean shaped
  • external fibrous capsule
  • nodes are divided into compartments
  • two histologically distinct regions
  • cortex- germinal centers, follicles
  • cortex contains follicles with germinal centers (heavy with dividing B cells)
  • medulla- macrophages
  • medullary sinuses contain macrophages!
  • t cells circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream
  • surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule with an internal framework, or stroma, of reticular fibers that supports the lymphocyte
37
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

5

  • more afferent vessels
  • bringing in lymph fluid into the lymph node
38
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

2

-lymph fluid exits the lymph nodes

39
Q

circulation in the lymph nodes

A
  • lymph
  • enters via afferent lymphatic vessels
  • travels through large subcapsular sinus and smaller sinuses
  • exits the node at the hilum via efferent vessels
  • fewer efferent vessels, causing flow of lymph to stagnate, allowing lymphocytes and macrophages time to carry out functions
  • there are more afferent than efferent meaning more is being brought in than is leaving -> increases the amount of time the lymph spends in the lymph node -> allows more time for macrophages and break down and neutralize pathogens -> more efficient
40
Q

enlarged lymph nodes

A

can be a sign of:

  • fever
  • fatigue
  • sore throat
  • swollen lymph glands
  • infected lymph nodes- buboes
  • obvious symptoms of bubonic plague, black death that killed much of europe during the middles ages
41
Q

lymph nodes and cancer

A
  • primary site- hoddgkins lymphoma or non-hodgkins lymphoma- swollen lymph nodes (not painful), fatigue and fever
  • secondary site- cancer spreads via lymph-to-lymph nodes
  • cancer spreads through the lymph system
  • sentinel node- the 1st node from cancer site, tested for metastatic disease -> how to tell if the cancer is spreading
42
Q

breast cancer and lymphedema

A
  • one of the most common causes of lymphedema is removal of the breast (mastectomy) and underarm lymph tissue
  • issue with the lymph system will cause swelling
  • if you remove lymph nodes with a mastectomy the lymph will be drained less causing swelling
43
Q

lymph tends to stall inside lymph nodes. this is due to ____

A
  • small diameter spaces within the medulla
  • the large volume of lymph entering the node
  • fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels*
  • fewer afferent lymphatic vessels than efferent lymphatic vessels
44
Q

what cells populate the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles

A
  • t lymphocytes
  • b lymphocytes*
  • reticular cells
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
45
Q

spleen

A
  • largest lymphoid organ, size of your first
  • served by splenic artery and vein, which enter an exit at the hilus
  • contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and huge numbers of erythrocytes
46
Q

spleen functions

A
  • stores breakdown products of RBCs (iron) for later reuse
  • stores blood platelets
  • site of fetal erythrocytes production (normally ceases after birth)
  • cleanses the blood of aged cells and debris
  • site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
47
Q

structure of the spleen

A
  • white pulp near central arteries- house lymphocytes- immunity
  • red pulp in sinuses which houses macrophages- blood filtering
  • splenic artery and vein enter via hilum- indented part of spleen
  • surrounded by a fibrous capsule and contains both lymphocytes found in white pulp and macrophages found in red pulp.
48
Q

splenomegaly

A
  • enlargement of spleen due to accumulation of infectious microorganisms
  • typically, from mononucleosis, malaria, and leukemia
49
Q

thymus

A

-changes size with age
-increases in size and is most active during childhood
-stops growing during adolescence and then gradually atrophies
-differs from other lymphoid organs
-functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation (not B cells)
-it does not directly fight antigens
-these thymocytes provide the environment in which T lymphocytes become immunocompetent (ability to start immune response)
-made up of thymic lobules containing an outer cortex and an inner
medulla.
-no B cells and, therefore, no follicles, it is not directly involved in fighting antigens
-stroma of the thymus consists of epithelial cells, not reticular fibers.

50
Q

an advantage to having reticular connective tissue present in lymph nodes is that _________

A
  • the loose organization of reticular connective tissue provides niches for macrophages and lymphocytes***
  • lymph filters through the nodes and is exposed to lymphocytes and macrophages
  • lymphocytes cycle to various areas of the body and back to lymph nodes
  • all of the above take place
51
Q

red pulp of the spleen is most concerned with ______, while white pulp is most concerned with ________

A
  • immunity; new red blood cell formation
  • filtering lymph; lymphocyte proliferation
  • blood filtering; immunity***
  • urine formation; blood filtering
52
Q

MALT

A
  • mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, including (lymphoid tissue located in mucous membranes)
  • peyer’s patches (small intestine), tonsils, and the appendix (offshoot of large intestine)
  • lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract)
  • protects the digestive and respiratory system from foreign matter
53
Q

aggregates of lymphoid follicles: peyers patches

A
  • clusters of lymphoid follicles

- in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine

54
Q

aggregates of lymphoid follicles: appendix

A
  • tubular offshoot of LARGE intestine
  • high concentration of lymphoid follicles
  • vermiform appendix- worm shaped
  • houses helpful bacteria for intestine
  • lymph tissue accumulates after birth until 2nd/3rd decade
55
Q

peyers patches and appendix

A
  • both destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall
  • generate memory lymphocytes
  • cleanse digestive tract of bacteria
  • if digestive material leaks it would cause bad sepsis
56
Q

tonsils

A
  • simplest lymphoid organ
  • form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx
  • contain follicles with germinal centers
  • are not fully encapsulated
  • epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming tonsillar crypts
  • crypts trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter that enter the pharynx in food and inhaled air
  • palatine tonsils- at posterior end of the oral cavity
  • lingual tonsils- grouped at the base of the tongue
  • pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)- in posterior wall of the nasopharynx
  • tubal tonsils- surrounding the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
57
Q

tonsillitis

A
  • bacterial vs viral

- strep throat- contagious bacterial infection with sore throat, pus on tonsils, fever and enlarged lymph nodes

58
Q

why is the lymphatic system one way

A
  • takes all the lymph and takes it back to the heart to deposit back to circulatory system
  • never takes fluid away from the heart
59
Q

how do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries

A
  • more permeable
  • thinner
  • one way valves
  • when interstitial pressure increases lymph enters
60
Q

areas of the body that are more densely clustered

A
  • cervical
  • axillary
  • inguinal

HAN 202 (16 decks)

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