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A&P Final Part 1 > Chapter 20 - The Heart - PART 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - The Heart - PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Does the heart ever rest?

A

no

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2
Q

Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that extend between the ___ and ____ ____

A

between the heart and peripheral tissues

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3
Q

What is a pulmonary circuit?

A

The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

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4
Q

what is a systemic circuit?

A

transports blood to and from the rest of the body

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5
Q

Each circuit begins and ends where?

A

at the heart

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6
Q

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit must complete the ——– before returning to the systemic circuit

(blood travels through circuits in ____)

A

must complete the pulmonary circuit

(blood travels through circuits in SEQUENCE)

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7
Q

Arteries could also be called….

A

efferent vessels

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8
Q

veins could also be called….

A

afferent vessels

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9
Q

efferent vessels carry blood…

A

away from the heart

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10
Q

afferent vessels carry blood….

A

towards the heart
(they return blood to the heart)

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11
Q

What are microscopic, thin-walled vessels?

A

capillaries

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12
Q

What do capillaries interconnect?

A

the smallest arteries and the smallest veins

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13
Q

capillaries could also be called…..

A

exchange vessels

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14
Q

Why could capillaries also be called exchange vessels?

A

because their thin walls permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gasses, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues

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15
Q

Each day the heart pumps about _____ liters of blood

A

8000

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16
Q

Is the heart a relatively large or small organ?

A

small - roughly the size of a clenched fist

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17
Q

Is the heart a relatively large or small organ?

A

small - roughly the size of a clenched fist

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18
Q

How many muscular chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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19
Q

List the 4 muscular chambers of the heart

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

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20
Q

Explain the function of the right atrium

A

the right atrium RECEIVES blood from the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT and passes it to the RIGHT VENTRICLE

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21
Q

The right ventricle receives blood from —– and pumps blood into the—–

A

the right ventricle receives blood from the RIGHT ATRIUM and pumps blood into the PULMONARY CIRCUIT

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22
Q

The left atrium collects blood from —— and empties it into ——-

A

the left atrium collects blood from the PULMONARY CIRCUIT and empties it into the LEFT VENTRICLE

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23
Q

The left ventricle receives blood from —– and pumps it into——

A

the left ventricle receives blood from the LEFT ATRIUM and pumps it into the SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

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24
Q

When the heart beats fast - which contracts first: the atria or the ventricles?

A

the atria contract first

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25
Q

the two ventricles contract ____(when?) and eject equal volumes of blood into—-

A

AT THE SAME TIME and eject equal volumes of blood into the PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCUITS

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26
Q

The heart is located near the ____ chest wall

A

anterior chest wall

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27
Q

the heart is directly posterior to the ____

A

sternum

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28
Q

the great veins and arteries are connected to the _____ end of the heart at its base

A

superior

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29
Q

the inferior, pointed tip of the heart is called the….

A

apex

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30
Q

what is the medastinum?

A

the region between the 2 pleural cavities

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31
Q

The heart sits in the _____ portion of the mediastinum

A

anterior

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32
Q

what are the “great vessels”?

A

the largest veins and arteries

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33
Q

besides the heart, what else does the mediastinum contain?

A

the great vessels, the thymus, esophagus, and trachea

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34
Q

the ___ atrium and ____ ventricle dominate the picture in an anterior view of the heart

A

the right atrium and right ventricle

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35
Q

what surrounds the heart?

A

the pericardial sac

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36
Q

what is another name for the pericardial sac?

A

the fibrous pericardium

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37
Q

the pericardial sac consists of…

A

a dense network of collagen fibers

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38
Q

the pericardial sac stabilizes the positions of which 2 structures?

A

the heart and associated vessels within the mediastinum

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39
Q

the lining of the pericardial cavity is called the….

A

pericardium

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40
Q

Where on the heart are the great vessels attached?

A

at the base of the heart

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41
Q

The pericardium is lined by a….

A

delicate serous membrane that can be divided into 2 parts:
-visceral pericardium
-parietal pericardiu

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42
Q

the visceral pericardium could also be called the…

A

epicardium

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43
Q

the visceral pericardium covers and adheres closely to the ____ surface of the heart

A

outer

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44
Q

the parietal pericardium lines the ___ surface of the ______

A

lines the inner surface of the tough pericardial sac surrounding the heart

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45
Q

the small space between the parietal and visceral surfaces is called the…

A

pericardial cavity

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46
Q

the pericardial cavity normally contains….

A

pericardial fluid

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47
Q

pericardial fluid is secreted by…

A

the pericardial membranes

48
Q

what is the purpose of the pericardial fluid?

A

it acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between opposing surfaces as the heart beats

49
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

when pathogens infect the pericardium producing inflammation.
The inflamed pericardial surfaces rub against each other, making a scratching sound that can be heard with a stethoscope

50
Q

pericarditis could also result in what other condition?

A

cardiac tamponade

51
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A

pericarditis results in increased production of pericardial fluid. Fluid collects in the pericardial cavity, restricting the movement of the heart

52
Q

besides pericarditis, what else could cause cardiac tamponade?

A

traumatic injuries that produce bleeding into the paricardial cavity

53
Q

what can you say about the walls of the 2 atria of the heart?

A

the walls of the atria are very thin and highly expandable

54
Q

when not filled with blood, what happens to the atrium?

A

it deflates and becomes a lumpy, wrinkled flap

55
Q

the heart wall has _____ distinct layers

A

three

56
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

the epicardium, myocardium, and the endocardium

57
Q

What does the epicardium consist of?

A

exposed mesothelium and an underlying layer of loose areolar connective tissue

58
Q

what does the epicardium cover?

A

the outer surface of the heart

59
Q

“the epicardium is the ___ pericardium that covers the outer surface of the heart”

A

visceral

60
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

the muscular wall of the heart

61
Q

what layer of the heart wall forms the atria and ventricles?

A

the myocardium

62
Q

the myocardium is composed of….

A

centric layers of cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

63
Q

the endocardium covers….

A

the inner surfaces of the heart including those of the heart valves

64
Q

the endocardium is composed of….

A

endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) and connective tissue

65
Q

cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by….

A

intercalated discs

66
Q

What is going on at an intercalated disc?

A

the interlocking membranes of adjacent cells are held together by desmosomes and linked by gap junctions

67
Q

what is the purpose of intercalated discs?

A

they transfer the force of contraction from cell to cell and spread action potentials

68
Q

name 4 differences between cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle fibers

A
  1. Small size
  2. A single, centrally located nucleus
  3. Branching interconnections between cells
  4. The presence of intercalated discs
69
Q

The right atrium communicates with the….

A

right ventricle

70
Q

The left atrium communicates with the….

A

left ventricle

71
Q

The atria are separated by what structure?

A

the interatrial septum

72
Q

what does septum mean?

A

wall

73
Q

The ventricles are separated by what structure?

A

the interventricular septum

74
Q

Each septum is a ____ partition

A

muscular

75
Q

What does the “AV” stand for in AV valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves

76
Q

The atrioventricular valves are made up of…

A

folds of fibrous connective tissue

77
Q

Where do the AV valves extend into?

A

the openings between the atria and ventricles

78
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the AV valves?

A

They permit blood flow only in one direction: from the atria to the ventricles

79
Q

The right atrium receives blood from the ____ circuit through the two great ____:

A

the right atrium receives blood from the SYSTEMIC circuit through the two great VEINS:
-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava

80
Q

The SUPERIOR vena cava opens into the ___and ____ portion of the right atrium

A

posterior and superior portion of the right atrium

81
Q

The superior vena cava delivers blood to the right atrium from which body parts?

A

the superior vena cava delivers blood TO the right atrium from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest

82
Q

The INFERIOR vena cava opens into the ____ and ____ portions of the right atrium

A

inferior posterior

83
Q

The INFERIOR vena cava carries blood to the right atrium from which body parts?

A

the rest of the trunk, the viscera (internal organs in the main cavities of the body), and the lower limbs

84
Q

The cardiac veins drain the ____ and return blood to the ____ ____

A

the cardiac veins drain the MYOCARDIUM and return blood to the CORONARY SINUS

85
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

a large, thin-walled vein that opens into the right atrium inferior to the connection with the superior vena cava

86
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

an oval opening that connects the 2 atria of the fetal heart. Present from the 5th week of embryonic development until birth

87
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the foramen ovale?
-before birth
-at birth

A

before birth, the foramen ovale permits blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium while the lungs are developing.

at birth, the foramen ovale closes and permanently sealed off within 3 months of delivery

88
Q

What happens if the foramen ovale is not closed after birth?

A

cardiovascular problems may result (discussed in ch 21)

89
Q

When the foramen ovale is permanently closed off within 3 months after delivery, what remains in its former place in the adult heart?

A

the FOSSA OVALIS
(a small, shallow depression)

90
Q

which is smooth:

a.) the posterior wall of the right atrium and interatrial septum

b.) The anterior atrial wall and the inner surface of the auricle

A

the posterior wall of the right atrium and the interatrial septum are smooth

91
Q

The anterior atrial wall and the inner surface of the auricle are NOT smooth. What do they contain?

A

they contain prominent muscular ridges called pectinate muscles

92
Q

Blood travels from the —– into the right ventricle

A

right atrium

93
Q

Blood travels from the right atrium into the right ventricle through a broad opening bordered by 3 fibrous “flasps” called…

A

cusps

94
Q

What prevents the backflow of blood into the right atrium from the right ventricle?

A

The right AV valve closes when the right ventricle contracts

95
Q

What anchors the free adges of the cusps (“flaps”)? What purpose does it serve?

A

the chordae tendinae. This prevents the cusps from becoming like swinging doors that permit blood flow in both directions

96
Q

Contractions of the papillary muscles pull on….

A

the chordae tendineae (which tugs on the heart valves)

97
Q

Blood flowing from the right ventricle passes through the ____ valve into the ____ trunk

A

through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk

98
Q

What is the start of the pulmonary circuit?

A

the pulmonary trunk

99
Q

Once in the pulmonary trunk, where does blood flow next?

A

into the left pulmonary arteries and the right pulmonary arteries

100
Q

The left and right pulmonary arteries branch repeatedly in the______ before supplying the _____, where gas exchange occurs

A

branch repeatedly in the LUNGS before supplying the CAPILLARIES, where gas exchange occurs

101
Q

From the respiratory capillaries, where does blood collect?

A

blood collects into small veins that unite to form the 4 PULMONARY VEINS

102
Q

The posterior wall of the left atrium receives blood from where?

A

from 2 left and 2 right pulmonary veins

103
Q

Like the right atrium, the left atrium has a _____

A

auricle

104
Q

the left AV valve could also be called the ___ valve

A

bicuspid valve

105
Q

The left AV valve guards the entrance to the ___ ___

A

left ventricle

106
Q

the left AV valve contains how many cusps? how can you remember this?

A

2 cusps.
The left av valve is also called the BICUSPID valve

107
Q

Besides left AV and bicuspid, what is another name for this valve?

A

the mitral valve

108
Q

The left AV valve permits blood flow from the ___ to the _____ but prevents backflow when the ____ contracts

A

the left AV valve permits blood flow from the LEFT ATRIUM into the LEFT VENTRICLE but prevents backflow when the LEFT VENTRICLE contracts

109
Q

Do the 2 ventricles hold and pump equal amounts of blood?

A

yes

110
Q

which is larger and why? the left or right ventricle?

A

the left ventricle is much larger because it has very thick, muscular walls that enable it to push blood through the large systemic circuit

111
Q

The right ventricle only needs to pump blood to and from where?

A

the lungs

112
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the….

A

aortic valve

113
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the AORTIC VALVE and goes into the __ ___

A

ascending aorta

114
Q

What prevents backflow into the left ventricle?

A

the aortic valve

115
Q

from the ascending aorta, blood flows through the ____ and into the ____

A

from the ascending aorta, blood flows through the AORTIC ARCH and into the DESCENDING AORTA

A&P Final Part 1 (9 decks)

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