Chapter 20 Viruses and Bacteria

Question 0

Are viruses cellular? Do they respond? Do they metabolize? What do they have to do in order to reproduce? Can they evolve?

Answer 0

Non cellular 
Do not respond 
Don not metabolize 
Must invade something else to reproduce 
Do evolve

Question 1

1. Are viruses alive or not?

Answer 1

Yes but are borderline

Question 2

What are the two components that all viruses have?

Answer 2

Capsid (protein coat)

Nucleus Acid Core (DNA or RNA)

Question 3

What is a capsid?

Answer 3

Protein coat

Question 4

What is the nucleic acid core made of?

Answer 4

DNA or RNA

Question 5

What is the envelope? Do all viruses have one?

Answer 5

Extra protection and no they do not all have it

Question 6

Are most viruses species specific?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What are the steps of viral replication?

Answer 7

Attachment ( match between capsid and cell)
Penetration ( nuclear acid enters)
Biosynthesis ( manna feat of viral compounds)
Maturation ( assembly of viral compound)
Release ( of new viruses)

Question 8

What are latent viruses?

Answer 8

Virus enters the cell but Does not immediately become active. The viral DNA is integrated into the host cells DNA. Each time the host DNA replicated, the viral DNA is replicated along with it so that all subsequent cells carry a copy.

Question 9

When animal viruses enter a cell, does the whole virus go in, or just the nucleic acid core?

Answer 9

Entire virus enters the cell, released by budding

Question 10

What is the difference between how a virus is released from an animal cell versus a bacterial cell?

Answer 10

Animal is by budding and the bacteria is just the nucleic acid core goes in.

Question 11

What are retroviruses? What is an example of a retrovirus?

Answer 11

RNA virus that have a DNA STRAND

Ex aids

Question 12

What are oncogenes?

Answer 12

Genes causing cancer

Question 13

How are plant viruses controlled?

Answer 13

Burning them

Question 14

What are 3 methods of controlling an animal virus?

Answer 14

1. Prevent exposure
2. Vaccination
3. Anti viral drugs

Question 15

Do antibiotics work on viruses? Why not?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Answer 16

prokaryotic

Question 17

Do bacteria have a cell wall? Capsule? Slime layer? Flagella? Fimbria? Organelles?

Answer 17

Yes cell wall. may or may not have capsid, slime layer, flagella, flimbra
Have few organelles

Question 18

How do bacteria reproduce? Is that sexual or asexual?

Answer 18

Binary fission asexual

Question 19

What are endospores? Can you name some examples of bacteria that form endospores?

Answer 19

Formed by some bacteria in unfavorable environments
Protection that can last for years

Ex. Anthrax
Tetanus
Botulism

Question 20

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

Answer 20

Rod
Sphere
Spiral

Question 21

What are obligate anaerobes? Facultative anaerobes? Aerobic?

Answer 21

A. Must have no oxygen
B. may or may not have oxygen
C. Must have oxygen

Question 22

What is the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria?

Answer 22

Makes there own food

Does not make there own food

Question 23

What are two types of autotrophic bacteria?

Answer 23

Photosynthetic
Use solar energy

Chemosynthetic
Use inorganic compound

Question 24

What are saprotrophs?

Answer 24

Feed on dead organic matter Decomposes Majority of bacteria

Question 25

What does the term symbiosis mean?

Answer 25

2 organisms living Ina close relationship

Question 26

What is mutualism? Commensalism? Parasitism? What is an example of each type of bacteria?

Answer 26

1. Both members benefit Ex. Bacteria in human guy making vitamins 2. 1 benefits the other is not harmed Ex. Bacteria on human hands 3. I benefits the other is harmed Ex. All bacterial decease

Question 27

Organisms in the domain Arachaea are usually found where?

Answer 27

Extreme environments

Question 28

What are 3 types of archaebacteria?

Answer 28

Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacifophiles

Question 29

Where do you find methanogens? Halophils? Thermoacidophiles?

Answer 29

Swamp and animal guts Extreme salt water Extreme hot

Question 30

Are organisms in the domain Bacteria common or uncommon?

Answer 30

Common

Question 31

What is the difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?

Answer 31

Cell wall thickness

Question 32

What are cyanobacteria? Are they photosynthetic? Can they fix nitrogen? What is meant by the term nitrogen fixation?

Answer 32

Most are gram-negative rod shaped. Found in freshwater and moist soil. Yes are photosynthesiera believed to be the first in the atmosphere. Fix nitrogen. Capturing make it available to plants