Chapter 21

Question 1

Starts in one part of the body and then spreads to other sites

Answer 1

Systemic Infection

Question 2

Fluid and white blood cells involved in fighting infections

Answer 2

lymphatic system

Question 3

circulation between the heart and lungs

Answer 3

pulmonary circuit

Question 4

circulation between the heart and rest of the body

Answer 4

systemic circulation

Question 5

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 5

swelling of the lymph nodes

Question 6

lymphadenitis

Answer 6

inflammation of the lymph nodes

Question 7

lymphangitis

Answer 7

inflammation of the lymph vessels

Question 8

Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Answer 8

-herpes virus family
-shed in saliva
-fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue
-infects and replicates
-B-cells have atypical appearance

Question 9

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

Answer 9

-cancer of B lymphocytes
-tumors form in jaw and around eye
-grows rapidly
-treatment is chemo

Question 10

Cytomegalovirus

Answer 10

-herpes
-dsDNA virus, integrates into chromosome, latency
-asymptomatic
-cell-mediated immunity
-reinfection
-immunocompromised individuals face higher risk of reactivation
-vertical transmission

Question 11

dengue hemorrhagic fever

Answer 11

-endemic in the tropics
-causes intense joint and muscle pain
-transmitted by mosquitoes

Question 12

ebola virus

Answer 12

-acute rapid onset of fever, muscle pains, and bleeding from multiple orifices
-transmitted through contact with body fluids

Question 13

chikungunya virus

Answer 13

-causes debilitating muscle pain
-prevalent in the area around the Indian Ocean, Europe, and recently the US

Question 14

Bacteremia

Answer 14

bacteria in the blood stream

Question 15

septicemia

Answer 15

pathogen replicates to high numbers, overcomes the innate immune system

Question 16

sepsis

Answer 16

infection of the bloodstream

Question 17

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 17

medical emergency characterized by rapid heart rate, breathing rate, and abnormal WBC count

Question 18

septic shock

Answer 18

catastrophic drop in blood pressure due to severe sepsis

Question 19

Superantigens or PAMPs

Answer 19

cells of immune system interact with these, cytokine storm

Question 20

Plague

Answer 20

yersinia pestis

Question 21

bubonic plague

Answer 21

-organisms move from site to lymph nodes, forming buboes
-not transmissible

Question 22

septicemic plague

Answer 22

-pathogens enter bloodstream
-not transmissible

Question 23

pneumonic plague

Answer 23

-pathogen infect lungs
-transmissible, easily spread through population via coughing
-untreated patients can die within 24-48 hours

Question 24

Virulence factors of Yersinia pestis

Answer 24

-lipoproteins: inhibits phagocytosis
-F1 protein capsule: blocks phagocytosis
-biofilm formation: attachment
-type 3 secretion system: injects

Question 25

Lyme disease

Answer 25

-most common vector-borne illness -treatment: antibiotics

Question 26

Typhoid fever

Answer 26

-salmonella enterica serovar typhi -lives inside macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract -infects variety of organ system via macrophages -bacteria are continuously shed during infection; can be transmitted via fecal-oral route

Question 27

rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 27

-caused by rickettsia -transmitted by ticks and lice -rash begins on the wrist and ankles and spreads to the center of the body

Question 28

Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)

Answer 28

-Slow onset and vague symptoms -Usually caused by S. mutans (part of mouth microbiota)

Question 29

Acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE)

Answer 29

-Rapidly progressive and highly destructive-fever, backflow of blood through heart valve, abscess formation -S. aureus

Question 30

Malaria

Answer 30

-Caused by four species of Plasmodium -P. falciparum -P. vivax -P. ovale -P. malariae -complex lifecycle -treatment includes chloroquine

Question 31

Babesiosis

Answer 31

-is caused by Babesia microti -Similar to malaria, except it is transmitted by ticks -Characteristic cell arrangement -Immunocompetent patients have a mild flu-like illness. -Patients with immunosuppression can have a prolonged illness.

Question 32

Chagas disease

Answer 32

-Trypanosoma cruzi -Vector = Reduviid bug -Fever and lymphadenopathy -Systemic symptoms include -Enlarged spleen, liver, neurological issues, myocarditis -Treatment Nifurtimox or benznidazole Death usually due to heart failure

Question 33

Toxoplasmosis

Answer 33

-Toxoplasma gondii -Transmitted to humans via cats -Two stages: feline and mammal stage -Symptoms Immunocompetent individuals = no/mild symptoms -Immunocompromised individuals = more serious -Congenital disease = organism crosses placenta Severity of disease depends on gestational age of fetus

Question 34

Leishmaniasis

Answer 34

-Cutaneous -Leishmania tropica and L. braziliensis -Visceral -Patients may die within months. -Treatment is antiparasitic drugs.

Question 35

Filariasis

Answer 35

-describes a group of diseases caused by nematodes in the family Filarioidea. -Larva transmitted from mosquitoes or flies to humans -Adult worms in the lymphatic system can produce lymphatic obstruction. -Swelling of limb (elephantiasis) -Swelling of scrotum (hydrocele)