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BIO 234 Second exam > chapter 21 > Flashcards

chapter 21 Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 5 classes of blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries:
    - carry blood away from the heart
  2. Arterioles:
    - are smallest branches of arteries
  3. Capillaries:
    - are smallest blood vessels
    - location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
  4. Venules:
    - collect blood from capillaries
  5. Veins:
    - return blood to heart
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2
Q

The Largest Blood Vessels

A

Attach to heart
Pulmonary trunk:
- carries blood from right ventricle
- to pulmonary circulation

Aorta:
- carries blood from left ventricle
- to systemic circulation

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3
Q

Arteries and Veins

A

Walls have 3 layers:
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica externa

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4
Q

Tunica Externa

A

In arteries:
- contain collagen
- elastic fibers

In veins:
- contain elastic fibers
- smooth muscle cells

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5
Q

Arteries vs. Veins

A

Arteries and veins run side-by-side
- Arteries have thicker walls and higher blood pressure
- Collapsed artery has small, round lumen
- Vein has a large, flat lumen

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6
Q

Arteries vs. Veins pt. 2

A

Vein lining contracts, artery lining does not

Arteries more elastic

Veins have valves

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7
Q

Contractility

A
  • Arteries change diameter
  • Controlled by sympathetic division of ANS

Vasoconstriction - DECREASING the diameter of a blood vessel

Vasodilation - INCREASING the diameter of a blood vessel

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8
Q

Artery Characteristics

A

From heart to capillaries, arteries change:
- from elastic arteries
- to muscular arteries
- to arterioles

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9
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

Also called conducting arteries
- large vessels (e.g. pulmonary trunk and aorta)
- Tunica media has many elastic fibers and few muscle cells
- elasticity evens out pulse force

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10
Q

Muscular Arteries

A
  • Also called distribution arteries
  • are medium-sized ( most arteries )
  • Tunica media has many muscle cells
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11
Q

Arterioles

A

Are small
- have little or no tunica externa
- have thin or incomplete tunica media

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12
Q

Aneurysm

A
  • A bulge in an arterial wall
  • is caused by weak spot in elastic fibers
  • pressure may rupture vessel
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13
Q

Capillary Function

A

location of all exchange functions of the cardiovascular system
- materials diffuse between blood and interstitial fluid

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14
Q

Capillary Structure

A
  • Endothelial tube, inside thin basal lamina
  • No tunica media
  • No tunica externa
  • Diameter is similar to red blood cell
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15
Q

Veins vs. Arteries

A

Veins:
- are larger in diameter
- have thinner walls
- Carry lower blood pressure

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16
Q

3 Vein Categories (1.)

A

Venules:
- very small veins
- collect blood from capillaries

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17
Q

3 Vein Categories (2.)

A

Medium-sized veins:
- thin tunica media and few smooth muscle cells
- tunica externa with longitudinal bundles of elastic fibers

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18
Q

3 Vein Categories ( 3.)

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A

Large veins:
- have all 3 tunica layers
- thick tunica externa
- thing tunica media

19
Q

Vein Valves

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A
  • Folds of tunica intima
  • Prevent blood from flowing backward
  • Compression pushes blood toward heart
20
Q

Blood Distribution

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A

Heart, arteries, and capillaries:
- 30-35% of blood volume

Venous system:
- 60-65%

21
Q

Pressures in the Systemic Circuit

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A

Systolic pressure:
- peak arterial pressure during ventricular systole

Diastolic pressure:
- minimum arterial pressure during diastole

22
Q

Pressures in the Systemic Circuit
(pt.2 )

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A

Pulse pressure:
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure = pulse pressure

Mean arterial pressure (MAP):
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

23
Q

Cardiovascular regulation

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A

Change blood flow to a specific area:
- at an appropriate time
- in the right area
- without changing blood flow to vital organs

24
Q

3 regulatory mechanisms

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A

Control cardiac output and blood pressure:
1. AutoregulationL
- causes immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments

  1. Neural mechanism:
    - respond quickly to changes at specific sites
  2. Endocrine mechanisms:
    - direct long-term changes
25
The Endocrine System
- Hormones have short-term and long-term effects on cardiovascular regulation - e.g. E and NE, hormones produced by adrenal medullae
26
ANP and BNP
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): - produced by cells in right atrium Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): - produced by ventricular muscle cells
27
ANP and BNP
Respond to excessive diastolic stretching - lower blood volume and blood pressure - reduce stress on the heart
28
Patterns of Cardiovascular Response
blood, heart, and cardiovascular system: - work together as unit - respond to physical and physiological changes (e.g. exercise, blood loss) - to maintain homeostasis
29
3 Effects of Light Exercise
1. Extensive vasodilation occurs: - increasing circulation 2. Venous return increases: - with muscle contractions 3. cardiac output rises: - due to rise in venous return and atrial stretching
30
5 Effects of Heavy Exercise
1. Activates the sympathetic nervous system 2. Cardiac output increases to maximum: - about 4 times the resting level 3. Restricts blood flow to "nonessential" organs (e.g. digestive system) 4. Redirects blood flow to skeletal muscles, lungs, and heart 5. Blood supply to brain is unaffected
31
Responses to Severe Blood Loss
Also called hemorrhaging - Entire cardiovascular system adjusts to: - maintain blood pressure - restore blood volume
32
3 short-term responses to hemorrhage
To prevent a drop in blood pressure: 1. carotid and aortic reflexes: - increases cardiac output (increasing heart rate) - cause peripheral vasoconstriction
33
3 short-term responses to hemorrhage (pt.2)
Sympathetic nervous system: - triggers hypothalamus - further constricts arterioles - vasoconstriction improves venous return
34
3 short-term responses to hemorrhage (pt.3)
Hormonal effects: - increase cardiac output - increase peripheral vasoconstriction (E, NE, ADH, angiotensin II)
35
Shock
- Short-term responses compensate up to 20% loss of blood volume - Failure to restore blood pressure results in shock
36
4 long-term responses to hemorrhage
Restoration of blood volume can take several days: 1. Recall of fluids from interstitial spaces 2. Aldosterone and ADH promote fluid retention and reabsorption 3. Thirst increases 4. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production
37
Blood Flow to the Brain
- is top priority - the brain has high oxygen demand - when peripheral vessel constrict, cerebral vessels dilate, normalizing blood flow
38
Blood Flow to the Heart
- through coronary arteries - oxygen demand increases with activity Lactic acid and low O2 levels: - dilate coronary vessels - increases coronary blood flow
39
Blood flow to the heart
Epinephrine: Adrenaline - dilates coronary vessels - increases heart rate - strengthens contractions
40
Heart Attack
- A blockage of coronary blood flow Can cause: - angina - tissue damage - heart failure - death
41
Aging and the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular capabilities decline with age Age-related changes occur in: - blood - heart - blood vessels
42
5 Age-related changes in the heart
1. Reduced maximum cardiac output 2. Changes in nodal and conducting cells 3. Reduced elasticity of fibrous skeleton 4. Progressive atherosclerosis 5. Replacement of damaged cardiac muscle cells by scar tissue
43
3 Age-related changes in blood
1. Arteries become less elastic: - pressure change can cause aneurysm 2. Calcium deposits on vessel walls: - can cause stroke or infarction 3. Thrombi can form: - at atherosclerotic plaques

BIO 234 Second exam (3 decks)

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