Chapter 21 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What are the five main types of blood vessels?
A
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Blood capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
2
Q
Arteries
A
Carry blood away from the heart to other organs.
3
Q
Large, elastic arteries leave the heart and divide into medium-sized, muscular arteries that branch out into the various regions of the body. Medium-sized arteries then divide into small arteries, which in turn divide into still smaller arteries called ______. As the ______ enter a tissue, they branch into numerous tiny vessels called ______ or simply ______. The thin walls of ______ allow the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues. Groups of ______ within a tissue reunite to form small veins called ______. These in turn merge to form progressively larger blood vessels called ______.
A
Arterioles; arterioles; blood capillaries; capillaries; capillaries; capillaries; venules; veins
4
Q
Veins
A
Blood vessels that convey blood from the tissues back to the heart.
5
Q
What are the three structural layers of a generalized blood vessel?
A
- Tunica interna (intima)
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa (adventitia)
6
Q
Tunica interna (intima)
A
Forms the inner lining of a blood vessel and is in direct contact with the blood as it flows through the lumen.
7
Q
Lumen
A
Interior opening of the vessel.
8
Q
What are the three components of the tunica interna (intima)?
A
- Endothelium
- Basement membrane
- Internal elastic lamina
9
Q
Endothelium (of the tunica interna (intima))
A
Innermost layer. Is continuous with the endocardial lining of the heart. Is a thin layer of flattened cells that lines the inner surface of the entire cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels). Cells within the endothelial play a role in a variety of vessel-related activities.
10
Q
Basement membrane (of the tunica interna (intima))
A
Middle layer. Provides a physical support base for the epithelial layer. Is a framework of collagen fibers, which provide it significant tensile strength. Contains other properties that make it resistant to stretching and recoil. Anchors the endothelium to the underlying connective tissue while also regulating molecular movement. Appears to play an important role in guiding cell movements during tissue repair of blood vessel walls.
11
Q
Internal elastic lamina (of the tunica interna (intima))
A
Outermost layer. Forms boundary between the tunica interna (intima) and tunica media. Is a thin sheet of elastic fibers with a variable number of windowlike openings that give it the look of Swiss cheese. These openings facilitate diffusion of materials through the tunica interna (intima) to the tunica media.
12
Q
Tunica media
A
Is a muscular and connective tissue layer that displays the greatest variation among the different vessel types. In most vessels, it is a relatively thick layer comprising mainly smooth muscle cells and substantial amounts of elastic fibers. The primary role of the smooth muscle cells is to regulate the diameter of the lumen.
13
Q
Vasoconstriction
A
Decrease in the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel.
14
Q
Vasodilation
A
Increase in the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel.
15
Q
Vascular spasm
A
Contraction of smooth muscle when a small artery or arteriole is damaged to help limit loss of blood through the injured vessel.
16
Q
What are the two components of the tunica media?
A
- Smooth muscle
- External elastic lamina
17
Q
External elastic lamina (of the tunica media)
A
A network of elastic fibers that separates the tunica media from the tunica externa (adventitia).
18
Q
Tunica externa (adventitia)
A
The outer covering of a blood vessel. Consists of elastic and collagen fibers. Contains numerous nerves and, especially in larger vessels, vasa vasorum. Help anchor the vessels to surrounding tissues.
19
Q
Vasa vasorum
A
Blood vessels that nourish the tunica externa (adventitia).
20
Q
Arteries
A
Their walls have the same three layers of a typical blood vessel, but have a thicker muscular-to-elastic tunica media. Due to their plentiful elastic fibers, they normally have high compliance, which means that their walls stretch easily or expand without tearing in response to a small increase in pressure.
21
Q
Describe the size, tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa, and function of elastic arteries (conducting arteries)
A
Function to propel blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing.
22
Q
Elastic lamellae
A
Elastic fibers.
23
Q
Pressure reservoir
A
What the elastic arteries function as since as they stretch, they momentarily store mechanical energy.
24
Q
Describe the size, tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa, and function of muscular arteries (distributing arteries)
A
25
Vascular tone
The ability of the muscle to contract and maintain a state of partial contraction. Stiffens the vessel wall and is important in maintaining vessel pressure and efficient blood flow.
26
Anastomosis
The union of the branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region. Provide alternative routes for blood to reach a tissue or organ.
27
Collateral circulation
The alternative route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis.
28
End arteries
Arteries that do not anastomose.
29
Describe the size, tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa, and function of arterioles (resistance vessels)
Play a role in regulating resistance.
30
Resistance
The opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels.
31
Metarteriole
The terminal end of the arteriole.
32
Precapillary sphincter
Monitors the blood flow into the capillary.
33
Describe the size, tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa, and function of capillaries (exchange vessels)
34
Microcirculation
The flow of blood from a metarteriole through capillaries and into a postcapillary venule.
35
Capillary bed
A network of 10-100 capillaries that arise from a signel metarteriole.
36
What are the two ways in which blood can flow through a capillary network from an arteriole into a venule?
1. Capillaries
2. Thoroughfare channel
37
Vasomotion
Intermittent contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle of metarterioles and the precapillary sphincters.
38
Thoroughfare channel
A channel that provides a direct route for blood from an arteriole to a venule. Bypasses capillaries.
39
What are the three different types of capillaries?
1. Continuous capillaries
2. Fenestrated capillaries
3. Sinusoids
40
Continuous capillaries
What most capillaries are. The plasma membranes of endothelial cells form a continuous tube that is interrupted only by intercellular clefts (gaps between neighboring endothelial cells). Found in the central nervous system, lungs, muscle tissue, and the skin.
41
Fenestrated capillaries
The plasma membranes of the endothelial cells in these capillaries have many fenestrations (small pores (holes)). Found in the kidneys, villi of the small intestine, choroid plexuses of the ventricles in the brain, ciliary processes of the eyes, and most endocrine glands.
42
Sinusoids
Are wider and more winding than other capillaries. Their endothelial cells may have unusually large fenestrations. Have an incomplete or absent basement membrane and very large intercellular clefts that allow proteins and in some cases even blood cells to pass from a tissue into the bloodstream. Contain specialized lining cells that are adapted to the function of the tissue. Found in the liver, spleen, anterior pituitary, and parathyroid and adrenal glands.
43
Portal vein
A vein that allows blood to pass from one capillary network into another.
44
Portal system
A circulation in which blood passes from one capillary network into another.
45
Venules
Have thin walls that do not readily maintain their shape. Drain the capillary blood and begin the return flow of blood back toward the heart.
46
Describe the size, tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa, and function of postcapillary venules
47
Describe the size, tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa, and function of muscular venules
48
Describe the size, tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa, and function of veins
Composed of the same three layers as arteries.
49
Valves
Thin folds of tunica interna (intima) that form flaplike cusps. Aid in venous return by preventing the backflow of blood, so that blood flows in one direction only - towards the heart.
50
Vascular (venous) sinus
A vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter. Has surrounding dense connective tissue that replaces the tunica media and tunica externa in providing support. An example of vascular (venous) sinuses would be dural venous sinuses and the coronary sinus.
51
Anastomotic veins
Paired veins that escort muscular arteries and connect with one another via venous channels.
52
Superfical veins
Veins found in the subcutaneous layer, that are unaccompanied by parallel arteries. Form anastomoses with deep veins, allowing for communication between the deep and superficial flow of blood.
53
Deep veins
Veins that travel between the skeletal muscles. Form anastomoses with superficial veins, allowing for communication between the deep and superficial flow of blood.
54
How can blood be distributed in the cardiovascular system at rest?
1. Systemic veins and venules (blood reservoirs) (64%)
2. Systemic arteries and arterioles (13%)
3. Pulmonary vessels (9%)
4. Heart (7%)
5. Systemic capillaries (7%)
55
Blood reservoirs
What systemic veins and venules function as since they contain a large percentage of the blood volume. Blood can be diverted quickly from these areas if the need arises.
56
Venoconstriction
Constriction of veins.
57
Capillary exchange
The movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid. The 7% of the blood in systemic capillaries at any given time is continually exchanging materials with interstitial fluid.
58
What three basic mechanisms do substances enter and leave capillaries by?
1. Diffusion
2. Transocytosis
3. Bulk flow
59
Diffusion (of substances entering and leaving capillaries)
Water soluble substances such as glucose and amino acids pass across capillary walls through intercellular clefts or fenestrations. Lipid-soluble materials, such as O2, CO2, and steroid hormones, may pass across capillary walls directly through the lipid bilayer of endothelial cell plasma membranes. The capillaries of the brain allow only a few substances to move across their walls, due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
60
Transocytosis
A process in which substances in blood plasma become enclosed within tiny pinocytic vesicles that first enter endothelial cells by endocytosis, then move across the cell and exit on the other side by exocytosis. This method of transport is important mainly for large, lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross capillary walls in any other way.
61
Bulk flow
Is a passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction. The substances move at rates far greater than can be accounted for by diffusion alone. Occurs from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure, and it continues as long as a pressure difference exists.
62
Filtration
Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid.
63
Reabsorption
Pressure-driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries
64
Net filtration pressure (NFP)
The balance of blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) and interstitial fluid osmostic pressure (IFOP), which determines whether the volumes of blood and interstitial fluid remain steady or change.
65
Starling's law of the capillaries
The volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as the volume filtered.
66
Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
"Pushes" fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid. Opposes interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP).
67
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)
"Pushes" fluid from interstitial spaces back into capillaries. Opposes blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP).
68
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
“Pulls” fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries. Opposes interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP).
69
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
“Pulls” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid. Opposes blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP).
70
Hemodynamics
Refers to the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body.
71
Blood flow
Is the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period (in mL/min).
72
How the cardiac output becomes distributed into circulatory routes that serve various body tissues depends on two factors. What are they?
1. The PRESSURE DIFFERENCE that drives the blood flow through a tissue.
2. The RESISTANCE to blood flow in specific blood vessels.
73
Blood flows from regions of ______ pressure to regions of ______ pressure; the greater the pressure difference, the ______ the blood flow. But the higher the resistance, the ______ the blood flow
higher; lower; greater; smaller
74
Blood pressure (BP)
The hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel. Is determined by cardiac output, blood volume, and vascular resistance. Is highest in the aorta and large systemic arteries.
75
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
The highest pressure attained in arteries during systole.
76
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
The lowest arterial pressure during diastole.
77
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
The average blood pressure in arteries. Is roughly one-third of the way between the diastolic and systolic pressures.
78
Vascular resistance
The opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels.
79
What three factors does vascular resistance depend on?
1. Size of the lumen
2. Blood viscosity
3. Total blood vessel length
80
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (total peripheral resistance (TPR))
Refers to all of the vascular resistances offered by systemic blood vessels.
81
Venous return
The volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the systemic veins. Occurs due to the pressure generated by contractions of the heart’s left ventricle.
82
What three steps are involved in the skeletal muscle pump?
1. While you are standing at rest, both the venous valve closer to the heart (proximal valve) and the one farther from the heart (distal valve) in this part of the leg are open, and blood flows upward toward the heart.
2. Contraction of leg muscles, such as when you stand on tiptoes or take a step, compresses the vein. The compression pushes blood through the proximal valve, an action called milking. At the same time, the distal valve in the uncompressed segment of the vein closes as some blood is pushed against it.
3. Just after muscle relaxation, pressure falls in the previously compressed section of vein, which causes the proximal valve to close. The distal valve now opens because blood pressure in the foot is higher than in the leg, and the vein fills with blood from the foot. The proximal valve then reopens.
83
Respiratory pump
Based on the alternating compression and decompression of veins.
84
Circulation time
The time required for a drop of blood to pass from the right atrium, through the pulmonary circulation, back to the left atrium, through the systemic circulation down to the foot, and back again to the right atrium. In a resting person, circulation time normally is about 1 minute.
85
Cardiovascular (CV) center
Found in the medulla oblongata. Helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume. Also controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that regulate blood pressure and blood flow to specific tissues. Receives input both from higher brain regions and from sensory receptors. Output from the cardiovascular (CV) center flows along sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of the ANS.
86
What are the three main types of receptors that provide input to the cardiovascular (CV) center?
1. Proprioceptors
2. Baroreceptors
3. Chemoreceptors
87
Cardiac accelerator nerves
How sympathetic impulses reach the heart. An increase in sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and contractility, and a decrease in stimulation decreases heart rate.
88
Vagus (X) nerves
How parasympathetic impulses reach the heart. An increase in parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate, and a decrease in stimulation increases heart rate.
89
Vasomotor nerves
Allow the cardiovascular (CV) center to send impulses to smooth muscle in blood vessel walls. Stimulates vasoconstriction.
90
Vasomotor tone
A moderate state of tonic contraction or vasoconstriction. Sets the resting level of systemic vascular resistance.
91
Baroreceptors
Pressure-sensitive sensory receptors that send impulses to the cardiovascular (CV) center to help regulate blood pressure.
92
What are the two most important baroreceptor reflexes?
1. Carotid sinus reflex
2. Aortic reflex
93
Carotid sinus reflex
Initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the carotid sinuses. Travel to the cardiovascular (CV) system via sensory axons of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves. Helps regulate blood pressure in the brain.
94
Carotid sinuses
Small widenings of the right and left internal carotid arteries just above the point where they branch from the common carotid arteries.
95
Aortic reflex
Initiated by baroreceptors in the wall of the ascending aorta and arch of the aorta. Travel to the cardiovascular (CV) system via sensory axons of the vagus (X) nerves. Regulates systemic blood pressure.
96
What happens to the baroreceptors when blood pressure falls, versus when blood pressure increases?
When blood pressure falls: baroreceptors are stretched less, and they send nerve impulses at a slower rate to the cardiovascular (CV) center. The CV center then decreases parasympathetic stimulation of the heart and increases sympathetic stimulation of the heart. There is also an increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion by the medulla oblongata.
When blood pressure increases: baroreceptors send impulses at a faster rate. The CV center responds by increasing parasympathetic stimulation and decreasing sympathetic stimulation. Cardiac output is reduced. The CV center also slows the rate at which it sends sympathetic impulses along vasomotor neurons that normally cause vasoconstriction. The resulting vasodilation lowers systemic vascular resistance. Decreased cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistance both lower systemic arterial blood pressure to the normal level.
97
Chemoreceptors
Sensory receptors that monitor the chemical composition of blood. Are located in carotid bodies and aortic bodies. Detect changes in blood level of O2, CO2, and H+.
98
What is the difference between hypoxia, acidosis, and hypercapnia? What do all three do?
Hypoxia: lowered O2 availability.
Acidosis: an increase in H+ concentration.
Hypercapnia: excess CO2.
All stimulates the chemoreceptors to send impulses to the cardiovascular (CV) center.
99
What hormone(s) works to increase heart rate and contractility and what are the effects on blood pressure?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine. Increase blood pressure.
100
What hormone(s) play a role in vasoconstriction and what are the effects on blood pressure?
Angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Increase blood pressure.
101
What hormone(s) play a role in vasodialation and what are the effects on blood pressure?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), epinephrine, and nitric oxide (NO). Decrease blood pressure.
102
What hormone(s) play a role in blood volume increase and what are the effects on blood pressure?
Aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Increase blood pressure.
103
What hormone(s) play a role in blood volume decrease and what are the effects on blood pressure?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Decrease blood pressure.
104
Autoregulation
The ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands.
105
What two general types of stimuli cause autoregulatory changes in blood flow?
1. Physical changes
2. Vasodialating and vasoconstricting chemicals
106
Myogenic response
A response exhibited by smooth muscle in arteriole walls, in which it contracts more forcefully when it is stretched and relaxes when stretching lessens.
107
Pulse
A travelling pressure wave caused by the alternate expansion and recoil of elastic arteries after each systole of the left ventricle.
108
What is the difference between tachycardia and bradycardia?
Tachycardia: a rapid resting heart or pulse rate over 100 beats/min.
Bradycardia: a slow resting heart or pulse rate under 50 beats/min. Endurance-trained athletes normally exhibit bradycardia.
109
Sphygmomanometer
Device used to measure blood pressure.
110
Korotkoff sounds
The various sounds that are heard while taking blood pressure.
111
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
The force of blood pressure on arterial walls just after ventricular contraction.
112
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
The force exerted by the blood remaining in arteries during ventricular relaxation.
113
Pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
114
Shock
A failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs. Caused by inadequate blood flow to body tissues.
115
What are the four different kinds of shock? What cause each of them?
1. Hypovolemic shock: due to decreased blood volume. Common causes of this is include acute (sudden) hemorrhages, loss of body fluids, or inadequate intake of fluids.
2. Cardiogenic shock: due to poor heart function. Common cause of this is include myocardial infarctions (heart attacks), poor perfusion of the heart ischemia, heart valve problems, excessive preload or afterload, impaired contractility of heart muscle fibers, and arrhythmias.
3. Vascular shock: due to inappropriate vasodilation.
4. Obstructive shock: due to obstruction of blood flow.
116
What is the difference between anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock, septic shock, and obstructive shock?
Anaphylactic shock: vasodilation due to a severe allergic reaction that releases histamine and other mediators.
Neurogenic shock: vasodilation due to trauma to the head that causes malfunction of the cardiovascular (CV) center in the medulla.
Septic shock: vasodilation due to certain bacterial toxins.
Obstructive shock: occurs when blood flow through a portion of the circulation is blocked. The most common cause is pulmonary embolism.
117
The major mechanisms of compensation in shock are ______ that work to return cardiac output and arterial blood pressure to normal.
Negative feedback systems
118
What four factors help to maintain adequate blood flow and blood pressure?
1. Activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
2. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
3. Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS
4. Release of local vasodilators
119
What are the nine signs and symptoms of shock?
1. Systolic blood pressure is lower than 90 mmHg.
2. Resting heart rate is rapid due to sympathetic stimulation and increased blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
3. Pulse is weak and rapid due to reduced cardiac output and fast heart rate.
4. Skin is cool, pale, and clammy due to sympathetic constriction of skin blood vessels and sympathetic stimulation of sweating.
5. Mental state is altered due to reduced oxygen supply to the brain.
6. Urine formation is reduced due to increased levels of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
7. The person is thirsty due to loss of extracellular fluid.
8. The pH of blood is low (acidosis) due to buildup of lactic acid.
9. The person may have nausea because of impaired blood flow to the digestive organs from sympathetic vasoconstriction.
120
Circulatory routes
What arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins are organized into to deliver blood throughout the body.
121
Systemic circulation
Includes all arteries and arterioles that carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries, plus the veins and venules that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium after flowing through body organs.
122
What is the difference between the coronary (cardiac) circulation, cerebral circulation, hepatic portal circulation, pulmonary circulation, and fetal circulation?
Coronary (cardiac) circulation: supplies the myocardium of the heart.
Cerebral circulation: supplies the brain.
Hepatic portal circulation: supplies areas from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the liver.
Pulmonary circulation: supplies the lungs.
Fetal circulation: exists only in the fetus and contains special structures that allow the developing fetus to exchange materials with its mother.
123
All veins of the systemic circulation drain into the ______, ______, or ______, which in turn empty into the right atrium.
Superior vena cava; inferior vena cava; coronary sinus.
124
Aorta
Is the largest artery of the body.
125
What are the four principal division of the aorta? Identify where they are:
1. Ascending aorta
2. Arch of the aorta
3. Thoracic aorta
4. Abdominal aorta
126
Ascending aorta
Contains three aortic sinuses (dilations) - two of which give rise to the right and left coronary arteries.
127
Arch of the aorta
Is the continuation of the ascending aorta.
128
What are the three major arteries that branch from the superior aspect of the arch of the aorta?
1. Brachiocephalic trunk
2. Left common carotid
3. Left subclavian
129
Brachiocephalic trunk
First branch of arch of the aorta; divides to form right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery. Supplies the head, neck, upper limb, and thoracic wall.
130
Left common carotid artery
Arises as second branch of arch of the aorta. Supplies the head and neck.
131
Left subclavian artery
Arises as third and final branch of arch of the aorta. Supplies the brain, spinal cord, neck, shoulder, thoracic muscle wall, and scapular muscles.
132
Describe the axillary artery and the regions it supplies
133
Describe the brachial artery and the regions it supplies
134
Thoracic aorta
Is the continuation of the arch of the aorta.
135
Abdominal aorta
Is the continuation of the thoracic aorta. Divides into the right and left common iliac arteries.
136
Common iliac arteries
Carry blood to the pelvis and lower limbs. Divide into internal and external iliac arteries. The external iliac arteries become the femoral arteries in the thighs, the popliteal arteries
posterior to the knee, and the anterior and posterior tibial arteries in the legs.
137
Identify where the common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibial artery, and posterior tibial artery are
138
Identify where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery are
139
Identify where the suprarenal artery, renal artery, and gonadal artery are
140
Describe the coronary sinus and the regions it drains
141
Describe the superior vena cava (SVC) and the regions it drains
142
Describe the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the regions it drains
143
Which of the three are compressed during pregnancy: the coronary sinus, the superior vena cava (SVC), or the inferior vena cava (IVC)? What does this cause?
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is commonly compressed during the later stages of pregnancy by the enlarging uterus, producing edema of the ankles and feet and temporary varicose veins.
144
Identify where the coronary sinus, superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) are
145
What two veins does most blood draining from the head passes through? Identify where they are:
1. Internal jugular vein
2. External jugular vein
146
What are the four deep veins of the upper limbs (that you need to know). Identify where they are:
1. Brachiocephalic veins
2. Subclavian veins
3. Axillary veins
4. Brachial veins
147
What are the two superficial veins of the upper limbs (that you need to know). Identify where they are:
1. Cephalic veins
2. Basilic veins
148
Basilic veins connect to cephalic veins by ______.
Median cubital veins.
149
Identify where the common iliac veins, internal iliac veins, and external iliac veins are
150
Hepatic portal vein
Receives blood from capillaries of gastrointestinal (GI) organs and the spleen and delivers it to the sinusoids of the liver.
151
Pulmonary circulation
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the air sacs to the left atrium.
152
Pulmonary trunk
Emerges from the right ventricle. Divides into two branches - the right pulmonary artery and the left pulmonary artery.
153
Right and left pulmonary arteries
Only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.
154
Pulmonary veins
Exit the lungs and carry the oxygenated blood to the left atrium. Only veins that carry oxygenated blood.
155
Identify where the pulmonary trunk, right pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery, and pulmonary veins are
