CHAPTER 2.1

Question 1

Two important learning theories are

Answer 1

behaviorism and social learning theory.

Question 2

The learning perspective maintains that development results from learning, a long-lasting change in behavior based on experiences or adaptation to the environment.

Answer 2

PERSPECTIVE 2: LEARNING

Question 3

is a mechanistic theory that describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience.

Answer 3

Behaviorism

Question 4

Behaviorists consider development as ______ ___ _____.

Answer 4

REACTIVE AND CONTINUES

Question 5

Behavioral research focuses on

Answer 5

associative learning

Question 6

Two kinds of associative learning

Answer 6

1. classical conditioning and
2. operant conditioning

Question 7

is a learning procedure that happens through the relationship between an environmental A stimulus and a normally happening stimulus

Answer 7

Classical conditioning

Question 8

He was was keen on contemplating how processing functions in animals.

Answer 8

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Question 9

is a type of unconscious or automatic learning. This learning process creates a conditioned response through associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.

Answer 9

Classical conditioning

Question 10

It assumes that all learning occurs through interactions with the environment, and that environment shapes behavior.

Answer 10

Behaviorism

Question 11

Classical conditioning-also sometimes referred to as_______ -uses a few different terms to help explain the learning process.

Answer 11

Pavlovian conditioning

Question 12

is a stimulus or trigger that leads to an automatic response. If a cold breeze makes you shiver, for instance, the cold breeze is an unconditioned stimulus; it produces an involuntary response (the shivering).

Answer 12

unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

stimulus is a stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own.

Answer 13

neutral stimulus

Question 14

is a stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response) but now leads to a response. If you previously didn’t pay attention to dogs, but then got bit by one, and now you feel fear every time you see a dog, the dog has become a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 14

conditioned stimulus

Question 15

is an automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present. If you smell your favorite food and your mouth starts watering, the watering is an unconditioned response.

Answer 15

unconditioned response

Question 16

is a learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before.

Answer 16

conditioned response

Question 17

refers to learned behaviors that occur when a neutral stimulus is associated with a learned response.

Answer 17

Classical conditioning

Question 18

Principles of Classical conditioning

Answer 18

• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Stimulus Generalization
• Discrimination

Question 19

Principles of Classical conditioning: _____ is the initial stage of learning, when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.

During this phase of classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 19

Acquisition

Question 20

Principles of Classical conditioning: ______is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear.
In classical conditioning, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 20

Extinction

Question 21

Principles of Classical conditioning: Sometimes a learned response can suddenly reemerge, even after a
period of extinction. This is called a?

Answer 21

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 22

Principles of Classical conditioning: Stimulus ___________ is the tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned

Answer 22

Generalization

Question 23

Principles of Classical conditioning: ____is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 23

Discrimination

Question 24

Example of Classical Conditioning

Answer 24

Fear Response

Question 25

His experiment with little Albert is an example of the fear response. The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child began to cry when the rat was present. Prior to the conditioning, the white rat was a neutral stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud, clanging sound, and the unconditioned response was the fear response created by the noise.

Answer 25

John B. Watson’s

Question 26

who originally developed the "Law of Effect" in 1898

Answer 26

Edward Thorndike

Question 27

the concept that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if it's associated with a sense of A satisfaction.

Answer 27

Law of Effect by Edward Thorndike

Question 28

He expanded upon Thorndike's theory. He coined the term "operant conditioning" and wrote about it in his book "Schedules of Reinforcement," which he co- authored with psychologist Charles B. Ferster.

Answer 28

behaviorist Burrhus Frederic Skinner (B.F. Skinner)

Question 29

is based on a stimuli and response model,

Answer 29

Classical conditioning

Question 30

involves a behavior and consequence.

Answer 30

operant conditioning

Question 31

______also known as instrumental conditioning or Skinnerian conditioning, is a learning theory in behavioral psychology. It can be used to increase or decrease the frequency of A certain behaviors through the introduction of consequences.

Answer 31

Operant conditioning

Question 32

principle of operant conditioning can be used to _____

Answer 32

shaped behavior

Question 33

Angel lies in his crib. When he starts to babble ("ma-ma-ma”), his mother smiles and repeats the syllables. Angel leans that his behavior (babbling) can produce a desirable consequence (loving attention from a parent); and so, he keeps babbling to attract his mother's attention. An originally accidental behavior (babbling) has become a conditioned response.

Answer 33

Operant Conditioning

Question 34

Operant conditioning explains how people and animals develop learned responses through the repetition of reinforcements and punishments

Answer 34

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 35

What reinforcement when something pleasant or rewarding is given after a specific behavior.

Answer 35

Positive reinforcement

Question 36

What reinforcement when an attempt to Increase a specific behavior by removing something that is negative when the

Answer 36

Negative reinforcement

Question 37

applying something aversive after a specific behavior to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

Answer 37

Punishment-