CHAPTER 5

Question 1

Who proposed the sociobiological evolutionary perspective?

Answer 1

E. O. Wilson
(1975)

Question 2

What is the full name of E.O. Wilson?

Answer 2

Edward
Osborne Wilson

Question 3

He is an American biologist recognized as the world’s leading authority on ants.

Answer 3

Edward
Osborne Wilson

Question 4

What is the study of the genetic basis of the social behaviour of all animals? including humans.

Answer 4

sociobiology

Question 5

It is the view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior.

Answer 5

Evolutionary/sociobiological Perspective

Question 6

According to him, species have developed through the related processes of survival of the fittest and natural selection

Answer 6

Darwin

Question 7

Individuals with ______ ______ fitted (better adapted) to their environments survive and reproduce more than those that are less fitted (less well adapted).

Answer 7

heritable traits

Question 8

E. O. Wilson defined this as “the extension of population biology and evolutionary theory organization”

Answer 8

sociobiology

Question 9

It is the process by which sperm and ovum—the male and female gametes, or sex cells—combine to create a single cell called a zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division to produce all the cells that make up a baby.

Answer 9

Fertilization, or conception

Question 10

What is a zygote?

Answer 10

Fertilized egg cell or ovum

Question 11

In humans, the conception process begins with ______, when an ovum, or egg (the largest cell in the human body), which has been stored in one of the mother’s two ovaries, matures and is released into the fallopian tube.

Answer 11

ovulation

Question 12

Within several hours of conception, half of this from the
egg and half of this from the sperm fuse together, creating a zygote—a fertilized ovum.

Answer 12

23 chromosomes

Question 13

Once the zygote attaches to the wall of
the uterus, it is known as the?

Answer 13

embryo

Question 14

During the embryonic phase, which will last for the next six
weeks, the _____ internal and external organs are formed, each beginning at the microscopic level, with only a few cells

Answer 14

major

Question 15

This is the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon
to be known as a fetus) will live until birth, and which acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator.

Answer 15

amniotic sac

Question 16

It is an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients
between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material.

Answer 16

The placenta

Question 17

This inks the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus.

Answer 17

The umbilical cord

Question 18

This protects the fetus from many foreign agents in the mother’s system that otherwise pose a threat.

Answer 18

placenta and the umbilical cord

Question 19

Beginning in the ____ ______ after conception, the embryo becomes a fetus.

Answer 19

ninth week

Question 20

The fetus begins to take on many of the characteristics of a human being, including moving (by the _____ ______, the fetus is able to curl and open its fingers, form fists, and wiggle its toes), sleeping, as well as early forms of swallowing and breathing.

Answer 20

third month

Question 21

The fetus begins to develop its senses, becoming able to
______________________________. Research has found that the fetus even develops some initial preferences.

Answer 21

distinguish tastes and respond to sounds

Question 22

Body cells of women and men contain __ _____ of chromosomes, which carry the genes.

Answer 22

23 pairs

Question 23

basic units of inheritance.

Answer 23

Genes

Question 24

Each sex cell (ovum and sperm) has only 23 single chromosomes because of a special kind of cell division

Answer 24

meiosis

Question 25

It is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes

Answer 25

Meiosis

Question 26

This refers to the biological/genetic predispositions that impact one's human traits—physical, emotional, and intellectual.

Answer 26

“nature”

Question 27

describes the influence of learning and other “environmental” factors on these traits.

Answer 27

Nurture

Question 28

a liability or tendency to suffer from a particular condition, hold a particular attitude, or act in a particular way.

Answer 28

Predispositions

Question 29

One approach to the study of heredity and environment is ______: it seeks to measure how much heredity and environment influence traits. This is the traditional goal of the science of behavioral genetics.

Answer 29

quantitative

Question 30

Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches

Answer 30

behaviorist approach psychometric approach Piagetian approach information-processing approach cognitive neuroscience approach The social-contextual approach

Question 31

Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches This studies the basic mechanics of learning. Behaviorists are concerned with how behavior changes in experience

Answer 31

behaviorist approach

Question 32

Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches It measures quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict these abilities.

Answer 32

psychometric approach

Question 33

Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches It looks at changes, or stages, in the quality of cognitive functioning. It is concerned with how the mind structures its activities and adapts to the environment.

Answer 33

Piagetian approach

Question 34

Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving. It aims to discover how children process information from the time they encounter it until they use it.

Answer 34

information-processing approach

Question 35

Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches approach seeks to identify what brain structures are involved in specific aspects of cognition.

Answer 35

cognitive neuroscience

Question 36

Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches examines the effects of environmental aspects of the learning process, particularly the role of parents and other caregivers.

Answer 36

The social-contextual approach

Question 37

Babies are born with the ability to see, hear, smell, taste, and touch, and they have some ability to remember what they learn. Learning theorists are interested in ________ of learning.

Answer 37

mechanisms

Question 38

This enables infants to anticipate an event before it happens.

Answer 38

Classical conditioning

Question 39

This focuses on the consequences of behaviors and how they affect the likelihood of that behavior occurring again

Answer 39

operant conditioning

Question 40

He argued that infants learned to associate self and other through mirror play and tactile exploration of their own and others' faces.

Answer 40

Piaget

Question 41

The preparatory stage, also referred to as the _____ stage, is a phase in which children copy or imitate the behaviors of others as a way of learning. This stage occurs up until about age three.

Answer 41

Imitation

Question 42

According to him, they can only imitate basic gestures and words.

Answer 42

Mead

Question 43

Which theorist talks about imitation?

Answer 43

Albert Bandura's social learning theory (SLT)

Question 44

This theory by Albert Bandura suggests that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others.

Answer 44

social learning theory (SLT)

Question 45

(key development of the sensory motor stage) An example of this is hiding a toy under a blanket, and an infant knows the toy is present under the blanket by finding it. This indicates that the infant remembered the toy when it was out of sight and was able to find it.

Answer 45

object permanence

Question 46

(key development of the sensory motor stage) This is when a child uses objects to stand in for other objects. Example: Speaking into a banana as if it were a phone or Turning an empty cereal bowl into the steering wheel of a spaceship are examples of symbolic play. Like all kinds of play, symbolic play is important to development, academically and socially.

Answer 46

Symbolic development

Question 47

(key development of the sensory motor stage) example of this is By preschool age (and often earlier), children can categorize based on shape, color, texture, number, gender, facial features, and speech

Answer 47

CATEGORIZATION

Question 48

(key development of the sensory motor stage) This is a key concept for human thought and action. The world around us appears as a coherent flow of events, each event caused by others, which in turn have causes, and so on.

Answer 48

CAUSALIZATION: PERCEPTUAL

Question 49

It is the earliest in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. He described this period as a time of tremendous growth and change.

Answer 49

Sensorimotor stage

Question 50

Overview of the Sensorimotor Stage sensorimotor stage is the period of development from?

Answer 50

birth through age two.

Question 51

*In other words, infants and young children experience the world and gain knowledge through their ______ and ____ movements. Through trial and error, children discover more about the world around them.

Answer 51

senses, motor

Question 52

Piaget chose to call this stage that because it is through the senses and motor abilities that infants gain a basic understanding the world around them.

Answer 52

'sensorimotor' stage

Question 53

six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill: During this substage, the child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking.

Answer 53

Reflexes (0-1 month)

Question 54

six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill: This substage involves coordinating sensation and new schemas. For example, a child may suck his or her thumb by accident and then later intentionally repeat the action. These actions are repeated because the infant finds them pleasurable.

Answer 54

Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)

Question 55

six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill: These are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. In Piaget's view, this includes both a category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge. As experiences happen, this new information is used to modify, add to, or change previously existing ___.

Answer 55

Schema

Question 56

six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill: During this substage, the. A child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment - For example, a child will purposefully pick up a toy in order to put it in his or her mouth.

Answer 56

Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)

Question 57

six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill: During this substage, the child starts to show clearly intentional actions. - The child may also combine schemas in order to achieve the desired effect. - Children begin exploring the environment around them and will often imitate the observed behavior of others.

Answer 57

Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months)

Question 58

six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill: Children begin a period of trialand error experimentation during the fifth substage. - For example, a child may try out different sounds or actions as a way of getting attention from a caregiver.

Answer 58

Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)

Question 59

six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill: Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world in the final sensorimotor substage. - During this time, children begin to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions.

Answer 59

Early Representational Thought (18-24 months)

Question 60

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 60

Birth to 2 years

Question 61

Preoperational stage

Answer 61

Ages 2 to 7

Question 62

Concrete operational stage

Answer 62

Ages 7 to 11

Question 63

Formal operational stage

Answer 63

Ages 12 and up