Chapter 21 Flashcards
Biotechnology and genetic modification (10 cards)
Define genetic modification
Changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing, or inserting individual genes.
What is biotechnology?
Application of biological organisms, systems, or processes to manufacturing and service industries.
Why are bacteria useful in biotechnology?
They reproduce rapidly, have no ethical concerns, and their genetic code is compatible with all organisms.
What are plasmids?
Small circular DNA in bacteria used to insert foreign genes for genetic modification.
How is ethanol produced as a biofuel?
By anaerobic fermentation of glucose using yeast, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
How does pectinase help in fruit juice production?
Breaks down fruit tissue to release sugars and clarifies the juice.
What enzymes are used in biological washing powders?
Protease and lipase to break down protein and fat stains.
How is lactose-free milk produced?
Using lactase to break lactose into glucose and galactose or by immobilising lactase on beads.
Describe the production of human insulin in bacteria
Human insulin gene is inserted into bacterial plasmids, which are grown to produce insulin.
What are the advantages of genetically modified crops?
Increased yield, pest resistance, added vitamins, improved storage, and herbicide resistance.
