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Chapter 21: Endocrine system function Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of endocrine system

A
  1. differentiation of reproductive and CNS system in fetus
  2. stimulation of sequential growth and development
  3. coordination of male and female reproductive systems
  4. maintenance of optimal internal environment
  5. initiation of corrective and adaptive responses
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2
Q

3 basic secretion patterns

A
  1. circadian or diurnal pattern
  2. pulsatile and cyclic
  3. patterns that depend on levels of circulating substrates
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3
Q

Most common mechanism for regulation of hormone release

A

negative feedback

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4
Q

Transport of protein hormones

A

Water soluble
Circulate in unbound forms
Short half life
Can not cross membranes–require a receptor to bind

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5
Q

Transport of lipid hormones

A

Transported via carrier protein

Can cross membranes

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6
Q

Target cell response depends on

A

Blood levels of hormone, concentration of receptors, affinity of receptor for hormone

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7
Q

Upregulation

A

Low concentration of hormone increase the number of receptors per cell

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8
Q

Downregulation

A

High concentration of hormone decrease the number of receptors per cell

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9
Q

HPA

A

Contains hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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10
Q

What is synthesized by hypothalamus

A

ADH + oxytocin

Releasing and inhibiting hormones: PIH, PRH, TRH, GnRH, somatostatin, GHRH, CRH, Substance P

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11
Q

How do ADH and oxytocin travel to posterior pituitary

A

via hypothalamohypophysial nerve tract

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12
Q

2 cell types in anterior pituitary

A

Chromophobes: nonsecretory
Chromophils: secretory

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13
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Affect physiologic function of specific target hormones

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14
Q

Hormones produced and secreted by anterior pituitary

A

ACTH, melanocyte stimulating hormone, LH, FSH, TSH, GH, Prolactin

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15
Q

GH is controlled by what hypothalamic hormones

A

GHRH: Increases GH secretion
Somatostatin: decreases GH secretion

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16
Q

What increases synthesis and release of prolactin

A

Stimulation of nipples and mammary gland during nursing

Serotonin + GF also stimulate

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17
Q

What inhibits prolactin

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

What does posterior pituitary secrete

A

ADH and oxytocin

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19
Q

Major stimulus for release of ADH and oxytocin

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

Major inhibitor for release of ADH and oxytocin

A

GABA

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21
Q

ADH also called

A

Arginine vasopressin

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22
Q

ADH action

A

acts on vasopressin receptors of kidney to increase permeability to increase water reabsorption into blood

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23
Q

What inhibits ADH

A

Increased Ca, prostaglandin E, hypokalemia

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24
Q

What regulates secretion of ADH

A

Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus and baroreceptors in left atrium

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25
What causes ADH secretion to decrease
high blood volume, hypertension, estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II, alcohol
26
Pineal gland
Releases melatonin in response to dark | Tryptophan-->serotonin-->melatonin
27
What directly affects secretion of thyroid hormones
Ach and catecholamines
28
C cells in thyroid secrete
Calcitonin | Causes decrease in serum Ca by inhibiting osteoclast activity
29
What causes increase in TRH
Exposure to cold or stress
30
TSH is synthesized and stored in
Anterior pituitary
31
Thyroid hormone affects
Metabolic, neurologic, CV, respiratory, cell metabolism, heat production, O2 consumption
32
Increase in TH will cause
Increase in contractile proteins, increase in RR, increase in bone resorption, increased heat production
33
Parathyroid hormone
Regulates serum calcium concentration | Released in acute hypocalcemia--stimulates osteoclasts
34
PTH acts on kidneys
To increase Ca reabsorption and decrease phosphate reabsorption
35
Alpha cells
Secrete glucagon
36
Glucagon
Antagonist to insulin Increase blood glucose during fasting, exercise, hypoglycemia Acts on liver to increase blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis
37
Glucagon stimulated by
Low blood glucose and SNS
38
Beta cells secrete
Insulin and amylin
39
C peptide
Can be measured in the blood as an indirect measure of serum insulin synthesis
40
Factors increasing insulin secretion
Increased blood glucose, GI hormones, amino acids
41
Factors decreasing insulin secretion
Decreased blood glucose, increased insulin, SNS, prostaglandins
42
Net effect of insulin
Stimulate protein and fat synthesis and decrease blood glucose
43
What organs do not require insulin for glucose uptake
Brain, RBC, kidneys, lens of eye
44
Insulin and K+
Facilitates K+ entry into cell
45
Amylin
Co-secreted with insulin Regulates blood glucose by delaying gastric emptying and suppressing glucagon secretion after meals Has an anti hyperglycemic effect
46
Delta cells secrete
Gastin and samatostatin
47
Samatostatin
Essential for carb, protein, fat metabolism | Inhibits insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide
48
F cells secrete
pancreatic polypeptide
49
Pancreatic polypeptide
Released in response to hypoglycemia and protein rich meals | Promotes gastric secretion
50
Adrenal cortex is stimulated by
ACTH
51
What hormones does adrenal cortex secrete
Glucocorticoids and aldosterone and adrenal estrogen/androgens
52
Fx of glucocorticoids
Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, growth suppressing
53
Glucocorticoids are released under what conditions
Stress
54
What do glucocorticoids do
Increase blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis in liver and antagonizing insulin to deliver more glucose to the brain Causes protein catabolism and muscle wasting Suppresses innate and adaptive immunity Inhibits bone formation and ADH Stimulates gastric acid secretion
55
Pathologically high levels of glucocorticoids causes
Increase in RBCs, increased appetite, fat deposition promotion, increased uric acid excretion, decreased serum Ca, decreased ACTH, decreased somatic growth
56
Aldosterone
Causes sodium retention and K+/H+ loss by increasing Na pump of epithelial cells in kidney
57
Synthesis/secretion of aldosterone regulated by
RAAS | activated by Na/H2O depletion, increased K+ and decreased blood volume
58
Primary stimulant of aldosterone
Angiotensin II
59
Degradation and excretion of aldosterone
Degraded in liver, excreted by kidneys
60
What does adrenal medulla secrete
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
61
What triggers release of catecholamines
Physiologic stress through Ach
62
Aging and thyroid gland
Atrophy and fibrosis, TSH increases slightly, peripheral metabolism of TH decreased
63
Aging and pancreas
Impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes common, increased distribution of fat tissue
64
Aging and GH
Decreased Decrease in muscle size and function Decrease in fat and bone mass
65
Aging and adrenal cortex
Atrophy More fibrous tissue Metabolic clearance of cortisol is decreased
66
Somatopause
Decrease in growth hormone and insulin like growth factor that occurs with aging
67
Permissive effect
Hormone induced changes that facilitate the maximal response or functioning of a cell
68
Incretins
Released by GI tract and act to decrease postprandial blood glucose concentration
69
Storage of thyroid hormones
Thyroid gland can store about 2 months worth of thyroid hormone at a time

advance patho (5 decks)

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