Chapter 21 - HIV and AIDS

Question 1

HIV/AIDS was first identified in what year

Answer 1

1981

Question 2

Primarily discovered in

Answer 2

Urban, gay, men in the united states

Question 3

HIV came from …

Answer 3

South America

Question 4

Highest incidence of HIV is in what nationality

Answer 4

African American

Question 5

Highest concentrations of HIV are found in …

Answer 5

semen and blood

Question 6

HIV testing checks for….

Answer 6

antibodies agains HIV-1 and HIV-2 rather than the virus

Question 7

Two types of HIV tests

Answer 7

ELISA and Western Blot Test

Question 8

Examples of AIDS defining Illnesses (opportunistic infection)

Answer 8

Kaposis sarcoma (one of the first)
Pneumocystic Carina (later on)
Diarrhea
CMV of retina

Question 9

What level of HIV is a person if CD4+ T cell count is unknown

Answer 9

Stage 4

Question 10

a diagnosis of AIDS requires that…

Answer 10

the person be HIV+ and have EITHER a CD4 + Tcell count of less than 200 cell/mm3 or an opportunistic infection

Question 11

Normal lymph % vs HIV lymph %

Answer 11

Normal: 30-40%

HIV less than 15%

Question 12

Low lymphocyte count…

Answer 12

of less than 15% (lymphopenic) can indicate HIV positive.
Next an ELISA test is performed (Enzyme-linked Ammunosorbant Assay.
> Western Blot Test > Viral load testing

Question 13

How long for a positive HIV test after exposure

Answer 13

12 weeks average

3 weeks to 3 months

Question 14

PEP therapy

Answer 14

Post exposure Therapy
28 days of therapy
3+ drugs given

Question 15

Next affected after gays was…

Answer 15

• Hemophiliacs
• Pts who received a transfusion with HIV infected blood
• Newborns and breastfed infants of HIV infected mothers
• Injection drug users
• Partners having unprotected sex with those infected

Question 16

`HIV is what kind of disease

Answer 16

retrovirus

Question 17

retrovirus

Answer 17

Transcription of genetic material is reversed.

-RNA made into DNA rather than the opposite as normal

Question 18

Enzymes responsible for transcribing RNA into DNA

Answer 18

Reverse transcriptase and Integrase

Question 19

The life cycle of HIV

Answer 19

• Penetrates body via blood and body fluids
• Spherical
• Two protein markers protrude from the virus
  
  • gp120 and gp41
    - attach to receptors found on the CD4+Tcell and infuse genetic material.

Question 20

How many new copies of HIV are made daily

Answer 20

• 10 billion new HIV virons

- about 2 billion new T4 cells are produced

Question 21

Dropping of CD8 cells and CD4 cells

Answer 21

CD8 drop drastically in the late stages

CD4 cells slowly decline throughout whole infection

Question 22

Inital stage of HIV Infection

S/S

Answer 22

Generalized flulike symptoms

Question 23

Latent stage of HIV Infection

S/S

Answer 23

• May have no symptoms initally
• Eventually, frequent and persistent infections
  
  • Fever, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, headache, skin lesions, sore throat, dyspnea, burning with urination, or diarrhea. and Extreme fatigue and weight loss

Question 24

How many stages of HIV classification

Answer 24

4

Question 25

Stage 1 Criteria

Answer 25

- Confirmed HIV infection - CD4 + TCell count of >500 cell/mm3 OR - CD4 + TCell cell percentage of 29% or greater - No AIDs defining illness

Question 26

Stage 2 Criteria

Answer 26

- Confirmed HIV infection - CD4 + TCell count between 200-499 cells/mm3 OR - CD4 + TCell percentage between 14-28% - No AIDS defining illness

Question 27

Stage 3 Criteria

Answer 27

- Confirmed HIV infection - CD4 +Tcell count of <14% OR - Documented AIDS defining illness

Question 28

Stage 4 Criteria

Answer 28

- Confirmed HIV infection | - No information regarding CD4+Tcell count, CD4+ Tcell percentage or AIDS defining illness is available.

Question 29

AIDS diagnosis

Answer 29

An AIDS diagnosis requires the person be HIV positive and have either a CD4+ T-cell count of less than 200 cells/mm3 or an opportunistic infection.

Question 30

Usual drug combination

Answer 30

1 protease inhibitor and 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 31

Common reason for noncompliance with Meds

Answer 31

GI upset usually subsides in a few weeks

Question 32

Medical Treatment is recommended for....

Answer 32

HIV viral load of 5000, 30,000 copies/mL and CD4 counts of 350-500 cells/mm

Question 33

Opportunistic Infections

Answer 33

- When CD4 cells, CD8 cells, and/or HIV antibodies fall below normal, infections and cancers take advantage

Question 34

Leading cause of AIDS death is

Answer 34

pneumonia due to unspecific organisms