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A&P 2 chapter 20/21 > chapter 21 part A > Flashcards

chapter 21 part A Flashcards

1
Q

____ provides resistance to disease

A

immune system

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2
Q

immune system is made up of two systems
________
- 1st line; mucous membrane, skin
-2nd line; antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, inflammation
_______
-3rd line; attack particular foreign invaders

A

innate (nonspecific)

adaptive (specific)

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3
Q

phagocytes, NKC, inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBC, inflammatory chemicals), antimicrobial proteins ( interferons and complements) pattern recognition receptors are all part of the what line of defense?

A

2nd

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4
Q

WBC that ingest and digest foreign invaders

A

phagocytes

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5
Q

most abundant phagocyte, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

A

neutrophils

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6
Q

develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagoctye

A

macrophages

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7
Q

wander thru tissue spaces; ex: aveolar macrophages

A

free macrophages

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8
Q

permanent residents of some organs like microglia in the brain

A

fixed macrophages

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9
Q
  1. phagocyte adhere to pathogen or debris
  2. phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle forming a phagosome
  3. lysosome fuse with phagocytic vessel, form phagolysosome
  4. toxic compounds and lysosomal enzyme destroy pathogens
  5. sometimes exocytosis of the vesicale remove indigestible/residual material
A

phagocytosis

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10
Q

opsonization

A

immune system uses antibodies or complement proteins as opsonins that coat pathogens (coat a microorganisms and provide binding sites)

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11
Q

opsonins

A

act as handle for phagocytes to grab on to, enhancing phagocytosis

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12
Q

cytoplasmic extensions

A

pseudopods

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13
Q

phagocytic vesicale

A

phagosome

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14
Q

phagosome fsing with lysosome

A

phagolysosome

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15
Q

kill pathogen resistant to lysosomal enzyme by

  • releasing cell killing free radicals
  • produce oxidizing chemicals
  • increase pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome
A

respiratory burst

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16
Q

microbe killing proteins in neutrophils

A

defensins

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17
Q
  • nonphagocytic that patrol blood and lymph
  • can kill cancer and virus infected cells b4 activating adaptive immune system
  • attack cells that lack “self” cell surface receptors
  • kill by apoptosis
  • secrete inflammation enhancement chemicals
A

Natural killer cells

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18
Q

triggered when body tissues are injured

  • redness, heat, swelling, pain
  • prevent spread of damaging agents
  • dispose of cell debris and pathogen

-alert adaptive system

A

inflammation

19
Q

when chemicals are released into ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, or blood proteins
ex: histamine is released by mast cells is key inflammatory chemicals

A

inflammatory chemical release

20
Q

macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues bear special pattern recognition receptors called

A

toll like receptors TLRs

21
Q

activated TLRs trigger release of _____ that promote inflammation

A

cytokines

22
Q

cell signaling molecules that stimulate movement of cells toward site of inflammation, infection

A

cytokines

23
Q

-cause vasodilation of local arterioles
-make capillaries leaky
-attract leukocytes to area
-

A

kinins, prostaglandins, complement

24
Q

vasodilation causes_____ that leads to redness and heat

A

hyperemia

25
Q

congestion with blood

A

hyperemia

26
Q

fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies

A

exudate

27
Q

release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis- inducing factors from injured cells

A

leukocytosis

28
Q

endothelial cells of capillaries in inflamed area project cell adhesion molecules into vessel lumen that grab onto passing neutrophils, causing them to slow, clinging to wall

A

margination

29
Q

neutrophils flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells, moving into interstitial space

A

diapedesis

30
Q

inflammatory chemicals act as chemotaxis agents that promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils toward injured area

A

chemotaxis

31
Q

creamy yellow mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue, pathogens

A

Pus

32
Q

collagen fibers are laid down, walling off sac of pus

A

abscess

33
Q

bacteria resistant to digestion by macrophages can form a tumor like growth
area of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and outer capsule

A

granulomas

34
Q

enhance innate defense by

  • attacking microorgansims directly
  • hindering mircoorgansms reproduction ability
  • interferons and complement proteins
A

antimicrobial proteins

35
Q

family of immune modulating proteins
enter neighbring cells to stmulate production of protein that block viral reproduction
-alpha/beta actiate NK cells

A

interferons (IFN)

36
Q
  • secreted by lymphocytes
  • activate macros
  • widespread immune mobilizing effects
  • used to treat Hep C, genital warts, MS
A

interferons gamma

37
Q

-consist of 20 blood proteins that circulate blood in inactive form
-proteins c1-c9, B,D,P, regulatory proteins
-major mechanism for destroying foreign substances
-activation enhances inflammation
-directly destroy bacteria
enhance both systems

A

complement system

38
Q
  • antibodies 1st bind to invading organism then to complement component, activating them
  • double binding- complement fixation
  • initial complement protein activated, cascade occurs
A

classical pathway for complement system

39
Q

double binding

A

complement fixation

40
Q
  • lectins produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders
  • lectin binds to specific sugar on foreign invader, can also bind and activate complement
A

lectin pathway for complement system

41
Q
  • complement cascade is activated spontaneously hen certain complement factors bind directly to foreign invader
A

alternative pathway for complement system

42
Q

this begins _____ ______

  • C3b bind to target cell, trigger insertion of complement protein called membrane attack complex (MAC) into cell membrane
  • MAC forms and stabilize hole in microbe membrane, influx of water
A

cell lysis

43
Q
  • abnormally high body temp
  • leukos and macros exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogens
  • increase metabolic rate (increase repair rate)
A

fever

44
Q

ac on bodys thermostat in hypothalamus, raising body temp

regulate fever

A

pyrogens

A&P 2 chapter 20/21 (4 decks)

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