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A&P 2 chapter 20/21 > chapter 21 part B > Flashcards

chapter 21 part B Flashcards

1
Q

specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body

  • amplifies inflammatory response
  • activates complement
  • must be primed by initial exposure to specific foreign substance
A

adaptive immune system

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2
Q

recognizes and targets specific antigens

A

specific

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3
Q

not restricted to initial site

A

systemic

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4
Q

mounts an even stronger attack to “known” antigen (second exposure)

A

memory

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5
Q

two main branches or adaptive system

A

humoral (antibody mediated)

cellular (cell mediated)

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6
Q
  • antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely in body fluids
  • bind temporarily to target cell (mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement)
  • extracellular targets
A

humoral immunity

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7
Q
  • lymphocyte act against target cell
    -directly- kill infected cells (cytotoxic, NKC)
    indirectly- release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response, or activate other lymphocytes/macros (tag em)
    -CELLULAR tagets
A

cellular immunity

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8
Q 
substances can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
- target all adaptive immune response
-usually seen as nonself
complete/incomplete
-antigenic deteminants
-self antigen
A

antigens

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9
Q

incomplete antigen

-has to bin to protein or some part of us to attack

A

hapten

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10
Q
  • can come in and start fuckin shit up
    -immunogenicity
    -reactivity
    ex; pollen
A

complete antigen

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11
Q

immunogenicity

A

ability to come in an fuck shit up, able to stimulate proliferation

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12
Q

ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

A

reactivity

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13
Q

haptens
- involve molecules that are too small to be noticed alone, so they have to bind to us to become antigenic
ex; poision ivy, danders or gordy
-not complete till it attaches to us
-combo of protein and hapten is then seen as foreign

A

incomplete antigen

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14
Q

part of antigen that antibodies/ lymphos receptors bind to

  • multiple factors to determine that antigen
  • multifaceted
A

antigenic determinants

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15
Q

all cells covered w variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
-ex; blood transfusion and BC don’t match, my immune system will attack donor blood, creates widespread coagulation. self antigen was not evident, body regect, body attack

A

self antigen

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16
Q

important self proteins are a group of glycoproteins called______
the flagpole, flag is the self fragment
-displays the self fragment
-contain grove that can hold piece of self antigen or foreign antigen
- t lymphocytes can recognize only antigens that are presented on MHC proteins

A

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

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17
Q
  • do not respond to specific antigens
  • SNITCHES
  • take little fragment of antigen they ran into, and give it to T/B cell to fuck em up
A

APC- antigen presenting cells

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18
Q

both lymphocytes originate in red bone marrow

A

origin

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19
Q

lymphocytes can recognize only one specific antigen

A

immunocompetence

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20
Q

lymphocytes are educated and mature in primary lymphoid organs (thymus and red bone marrow)

A

maturation

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21
Q

lymphocytes must be unresponsive to own antigens

A

self- tolerance

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22
Q

t-cells mature in the thymus under neg. or pos. selection pressures

  • positive; t cells capable of recognizing self- MHC proteins
  • negative; apoptosis if bind to self-antigen displayed by self-MHC protein
A

maturation of T cells

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23
Q

in red bone marrow

  • only immunocompetent B cells are allowed to mature
  • those that are self reactive are eliminated by apoptosis
  • clonal deletion
A

B cell maturation

24
Q

immunocompetent B/T cells are called

A

naive

25
Q

immunocompetent B/T cells are exported from primary lymphoid organs to “seed” secondary lymphoid organs

A

seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation

26
Q

lymphocyte is selected to differentiate into active cell by binding to it’s specific antigen
- puts them front and center to battle with the antigen

A

clonal selection

27
Q

lymphocyte that is now an effective/ active cell and forms exact copies of itself

A

clones

28
Q

most clones become ________ _____ that fight infections

A

effector cells

29
Q

a few remain as ____ cells
- able to respond to same antigen faster second time around
stay in seeding location (lymph nodes, spleen)

A

memory

30
Q

engulf antigens and present fragments to T cells for recognition

A

dendritic, macros, B cells

31
Q
  • found in C.T and epidermis
  • mobile sentinels of boundary tissue
  • phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, enter lymphs to present antigens to T cell in lymph node
  • most effective antigen presenter known
  • 1st and second line of defense
A

dendritic cells

32
Q
  • C.T and lymphoid tissue
    -present antigen to t cells, activates macros and T cells
    -macrophage activated- phagocytizer
    trigger inflammatory response
A

macrophages

33
Q
  • do not activate naïve T cells

- present antigen to helper t cell to help their own activation

A

B lymphocytes

34
Q

most clone cells become _____ ____, antibody secreting effector cells

  • secrete 2000 antibodies per second for 4-5 days; then die
  • antibodies circulate binding to free antigens, marking them for destruction
A

plasma cells

35
Q

clone cells that done become plasma cells become ___ ___

  • immunological memory
  • immediate response to furture exposure to same antigen
A

memory cells

36
Q

cell proliferation and differentiation upon exposure to antigen for lag time

  • lag period; differentiation of b cell, antibodes are being secreted
  • peak levels reached at 10 days
  • then decline
  • antibodies are tagging antigens for attack at 10 days
A

primary immune response

37
Q

re-exposure to same antigen gives faster, more prolonged, more effective response

  • sensitized memory cells provide immunological memory
  • antibody peaks in 2-3 days
A

secondary immune response

38
Q
A

active humoral immunity

39
Q

formed in response to actual bacteria or viral infection

A

active humoral- naturally acquired

40
Q

formed in response to vaccine of dead pathogens

  • provide antigenic determinants that are immunodenic and reactive
  • spare us symptoms of primary repsonse
A

artificially acquired- active humral

41
Q

occurs when ready made antibodies are introduced into the body
- bcells aren’t challenged by antigens

A

passive humoral immunity

42
Q

antibodies delivered to fetus via milk

A

naturally acquired- passive immunity

43
Q

injection of serum, such as gamma globulin

A

artificially acquired- passive immunity

44
Q

immunoglobulins (Igs) proteins secreted by plasma cells

  • given in attempt to temporarily boost immunity
  • derived from blood plasma (gamma globulin)
  • can bind specifically w antigen detected by B cell
A

antibodies

45
Q

____ is released during primary response, but plasma cell can switch to ____ for secondary response

A

IgM, IgG

46
Q

almost all secondary responses are Ig_

A

IgG

47
Q

antibodies don’t destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag them
- form _________

A

antigen-antibody (immune) complexes

48
Q

defense mechanisms used by antibodies

A

neutralization
agglutination
precipitation
complement fixation

49
Q
  • simplest, but one of the most important defense mechanism
  • antibodies block specific sites on viruses/ bacteria exotoxins
  • prevent antigens from binding to receptor on tissue cell
A

neutralization

50
Q
  • antibodies can bind same determinant on 2 different antigens @ the same time
  • each antibody has 2 arms
  • allow for antigen-antibody complex to become crosslinked into clumps
A

aggultination

51
Q
  • soluble molecules are cross linked into complexes (not cells)
  • complex precipitate out of solution
  • precipitated complex easier for phagos to engulf
A

precipitation

52
Q
  • main body defense against cellular antigens
  • several antibodies are bound close together on same antigen, complement binding sites on stem region align
  • alignment- complement fixation- cell lysis-
A

complement fixation and activation

53
Q
  • 1st antibody secreted by plasma cells during primary response
  • primary response antibody
A

IgM

54
Q
  • secretory antibody- found in body secretions
  • saliva, intestinal juice
  • try to stop initial contact w antigen
A

IgA

55
Q
  • found on surface of B cells

- antigenic determinant on B cell

A

IgD

56
Q
  • most abundant antibody
  • all thru plasma content
  • late primary and secondary response
A

IgG

57
Q
  • made in response to allergic reactions
  • bind to mast cells, basophils
  • full inflammatory response to pet danders
A

IgE

A&P 2 chapter 20/21 (4 decks)

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