Chapter 21 Part B

Question 1

1) The traditional form of ulcer in which too much acid is produced is the most common; True/False.

Answer 1

1) F

Question 2

2) What are the three characteristics of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

Answer 2

2) Too much acid produced, Acid destroys stomach lining, Forms holes (often into other organs)

Question 3

3) What are the two most common causes of stomach ulcers?

Answer 3

3) Aspirin and Bacteria (Helicobacter pylori)

Question 4

4) How is the treatment of stomach ulcers today different from that in the past?

Answer 4

4) In past, antacids (temporary relief: alkalosis)

Today drugs which block acid production.

Question 5

5) What hormone is released when acidic chyme enters the duodenum?

Answer 5

5) Secretin

Question 6

6) What are the three functions of secretin?

Answer 6

6) Inhibits acid formation in stomach
Slows gastric emptying rate
Stimulates pancreas to produce bicarb buffer.

Question 7

7) What hormone is released when chyme containing fats enters the duodenum?

Answer 7

7) Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 8

8) What are the two functions of CCK?

Answer 8

8) Inhibits acid formation.

Question 9

9) What two pancreatic secretions are “excreted” into the duodenum?

Answer 9

9) Digestive enzymes (all food types), HCO3- Buffer (Neutralizes acid).

Question 10

10) What two pancreatic hormones are “secreted” into the blood?

Answer 10

10) Insulin (absorption of sugar by cells). Glucagon (helps release sugar from liver).

Question 11

11) What is the function of the bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice?

Answer 11

11) Nuertralizes acid

Question 12

12) What is the main function of insulin?

Answer 12

12) Absorption of sugar by cells.

Question 13

13) What is the main function of glucagon?

Answer 13

13) Raise blood glucose level.

Question 14

14) The action of insulin and glucagon are opposite; True/False

Answer 14

14) T

Question 15

16) What liver cells produce bile?

Answer 15

16) Hepatocytes.

Question 16

17) Bile moves through what tube to the gall bladder

Answer 16

17) Common hepatic duct.

Question 17

18) What is the main function of the gall bladder?

Answer 17

18) To store and concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive enzyme produced by the liver.*

Question 18

19) What stimulates the gall bladder to contract, moving chyme into the duodenum?

Answer 18

19) The duodenum secretes a hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes the gall bladder to contract, releasing alkaline bile into the duodenum. Presence of fat.

Question 19

20) What is the main function of bile?

Answer 19

20) Emulsifies fats in food (makes them water soluble).

Question 20

22) What does pancreatic amylase do?

Answer 20

22) Hydrolyzes complex carbohcdratesinto simple sugars.

Question 21

23) What enzymes found on the surface of the intestinal villi convert disaccharides into monosaccharides?

Answer 21

23) Brush border enzymes.

Question 22

25) What is the smallest subunit of protein that can be absorbed by the body?

Answer 22

25) Amino acids

Question 23

26) What two ions are used as co-transport molecules to move peptides across membranes?

Answer 23

26) H+ and Na+

Question 24

27) Large proteins cannot be absorbed by the intestinal endothelial cells; T/F

Answer 24

27) F

Question 25

28) How do newborns receive antibodies from their mothers after birth?

Answer 25

28) Colostrum (premilk).

Question 26

29) Most of the fluid that enters the small intestine is reabsorbed; T/F

Answer 26

29) T

Question 27

30) Most of the fluid that moves into the large intestine is reabsorbed; T/F

Answer 27

30) T

Question 28

31) Approximately what percent of the fluid that originally is sent into the GI tract is lost in the feces?

Answer 28

31) 1% or less

Question 29

32) What is the function of the water in feces?

Answer 29

32) lubrication for movement

Question 30

33) How does diarrhea cause dehydration?

Answer 30

33) By disruption of water absorption mechanisms.

Question 31

34) What type of diarrhea is due to water held in the intestinal lumen by solutes?

Answer 31

34) Osmotic diarrhea.

Question 32

35) What is the most common solute that causes osmotic diarrhea?

Answer 32

35) Lactose and olestra.

Question 33

36) What type of diarrhea is caused by the excretion of excess water in the large intestine due to bacterial toxins?

Answer 33

36) Secretory diarrhea.

Question 34

37) How does the watery nature of diarrhea help the pathogens that cause it?

Answer 34

37) Helps flush bacteria out of intestines.

Question 35

38) Bacteria in your large intestines are beneficial to you; T/F

Answer 35

38) T

Question 36

39) What vitamin is produced by bacteria in the large intestine?

Answer 36

39) Vitamin K

Question 37

40) What two compounds most often cause gas to be produced in the large intestine as a result of bacterial fermentation?

Answer 37

40) Lactate (from undigested lactose) Legume proteins (from beans)

Question 38

41) How do immune cells help protect you in your GI tract?

Answer 38

41) engulf antigen and WBC

Question 39

42) IBS/IBD is usually due to the presence of a pathogen in the GI tract; T/F

Answer 39

42) F

Question 40

43) The scientific term for vomiting is;

Answer 40

43) Emesis.