Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

Question 1

The cardiovascular system contributes to
homeostasis of other body systems by _________

Answer 1

by transporting
and distributing blood throughout the body

Question 2

A blood vessel that deliver oxygen-rich blood
from the heart to the tissues of the body

Answer 2

ARTERY

Question 3

The union of the branches of two or more arteries
supplying the same body region

Answer 3

ANASTOMOSES

Question 4

Is a small-diameter blood vessel in the
microcirculation that extends and branches out
from an artery and leads to capillaries.

Answer 4

ARTERIOLES

Question 5

Are blood vessels carrying in most cases
oxygen-depleted blood from the capillaries
toward the heart.

Answer 5

VEINS

Question 6

Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form
a network between the arterioles and venules

Answer 6

CAPILLARIES

Question 7

Are very small veins

Answer 7

Venules

Question 8

 Are blood vessels carrying in most cases
oxygen-depleted blood from the capillaries
toward the heart.

Answer 8

VEINS

Question 9

Allow blood to flow in one direction only—
toward the heart.

Answer 9

Venous valves

Question 10

The hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the
walls
 is determined by cardiac output, blood volume,
and vascular resistance
 highest in the aorta and large systemic arteries

Answer 10

BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 11

The highest pressure attained in arteries during
systole/ventricular contraction

Answer 11

SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 12

The lowest arterial pressure during
diastole/ventricular relaxation

Answer 12

DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 13

Is the opposition to blood flow due to friction
between blood and the walls of blood vessels

Answer 13

VASCULAR RESISTANCE

Question 14

Is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart
through the systemic veins
 Occurs due to the pressure generated by
contractions of the heart’s left ventricle

Answer 14

VENOUS RETURN

Question 15

Time required for a drop of blood to pass from the
right atrium, through the pulmonary circulation,
back to left atrium, through the systemic
circulation down to the foot, and back again to the
tight atrium. In a resting person, circulation time
is normally about 1 minute.

Answer 15

CIRCULATION TIME

Question 16

Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow:

Answer 16

INPUT TO CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER & OUTPUT TO EFFECTORS (CHECK REVIEWER)

Question 17

Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure

Answer 17

1. BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
2. CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEXES

Question 18

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Answer 18

1. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) system
2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
4. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 19

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Answer 19

1. Baroreceptor reflexes
2. Chemoreceptor reflexes

Question 20

The alternate expansion and recoil of elastic
arteries after each systole

Answer 20

PULSE

Question 21

Is a rapid resting heart or pulse rate over 100
beats/min.

Answer 21

Tachycardia

Question 22

Is a slow resting heart or pulse rate under 50
beats/min. Endurance-trained athletes normally exhibit
_________

Answer 22

Bradycardia

Question 23

Refers to the pressure in arteries generated by
the left ventricle during systole and the pressure
remaining in the arteries when the ventricle is in
diastole

Answer 23

MEASURING BLOOD PRESSUR

Question 24

The force of blood pressure on arterial walls just
after ventricular contraction

Answer 24

SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (SBP)

Question 25

Represents the force exerted by the blood remaining in arteries during ventricular relaxation

Answer 25

DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (DBP)

Question 26

Blood pressure is usually measured in the

Answer 26

brachial artery in the left arm.

Question 27

The device used to measure blood pressure is a ____________ represents the force exerted by the blood remaining in arteries during ventricular relaxation

Answer 27

sphygmomanometer

Question 28

Refers to the various sounds that are heard while taking blood pressure

Answer 28

Korotkoff sounds

Question 29

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Answer 29

Pulse pressure

Question 30

Is a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs

Answer 30

SHOCK

Question 31

due to decreased blood volume

Answer 31

Hypovolemic shock

Question 32

due to poor heart function

Answer 32

Cardiogenic shock

Question 33

due to inappropriate vasodilation

Answer 33

Vascular shock

Question 34

due to obstruction of blood flow

Answer 34

Obstructive shock

Question 35

Shock: Signs and Symptoms of Shock

Answer 35

* Systolic blood pressure is lower than 90 mmHg. * Resting heart rate is rapid due to sympathetic stimulation and increased blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. * Pulse is weak and rapid due to reduced cardiac output and fast heart rate. * Skin is cool, pale, and clammy due to sympathetic constriction of skin blood vessels and sympathetic stimulation of sweating. * Mental state is altered due to reduced oxygen supply to the brain. * Urine formation is reduced due to increased levels of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). * The person is thirsty due to loss of extracellular fluid. * The pH of blood is low (acidosis) due to buildup of lactic acid. * The person may have nausea because of impaired blood flow to the digestive organs from sympathetic vasoconstriction.

Question 36

CIRCULATORY ROUTES: SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Answer 36

CHECK REVIEWER

Question 37

Air in and out - Alveolus and Blood Capillary

Answer 37

Diffusion

Question 38

Blood Vessel Lumen - Albumin, Caverolae, Transcylosis, Tight Junction, Sub enfotheial Space

Answer 38

Transcytosis

Question 39

Interstitial fluid -> Filtration * Absorption to blood flow capillary bed to venue in the Arteriole

Answer 39

Bulk Flow