Chapter 22

Question 1

Ethics is defined as:

Answer 1

the study of rightness and wrongness of human conduct and character as known by natural reason.

Question 2

Society expects professionals to be guided by:

Answer 2

a standard of conduct

Question 3

Ethics can also be defined as:

Answer 3

customary behaviors and the principals of conduct governing an individual or group

Question 4

Laws:

Answer 4

regulations, established by the government applicable to people within a certain political subdivision

Question 5

Types of law:

Answer 5

Local, state and federal law.

Question 6

No matter how detailed, laws CANNOT:

Answer 6

take into account every possible situation that can be encountered.

Question 7

Morals:

Answer 7

Generally accepted customs, principals, or habits of right living and conduct in a society and the individual’s practice in relation to these.

Question 8

Morals are the ___ ____ of an individual…

Answer 8

Inner conscious. Different for each individual

Question 9

Morals are based on:

Answer 9

Religious beliefs, rationalization, conviction of what is right and wrong (personal morality from family upbringing and life experiences)

Question 10

Code of ethics

Answer 10

statement of acceptable and unacceptable behavior in the profession (a form of legislation)

Question 11

AART code of ethics:

Answer 11

You agree to this in order to take the registry with the AART

Question 12

10 ethical standards:

Answer 12

Written by ASRT; endorsed by AART. what colleagues should expect of each other within profession, and what the public should expect from the professional (pt’s privacy rights)

Question 13

“Practice standards”:

Answer 13

Practice behaviors, which are usually more specific than the more general statements in the Code of ethics.

Question 14

-ETHICS apply to:
-Controlled within:
Enabling source:
-Sanctions:

Answer 14

• a specific group
• the group
• code of ethics
• expulsion

Question 15

• LAW applies to:
• control from:
• Enabling source:
• Sanctions:

Answer 15

• political subdivision
• outside group
• legislation
• Fines/prison

Question 16

• MORALS applies to:
• Control from:
• Enabling source:
• Sanctions

Answer 16

• individuals
• conscience
• religious writing
• shame, guilt

Question 17

ETHICAL EVALUATION:

-Professional Ettiquette

Answer 17

manners and politeness toward patients generally accepted by the professionals. Etiquette is NOT the Code of Ethics or the Practice Standards.

Question 18

Ethical Dilemma:

Answer 18

In these decisions our own value system may also come into play

Question 19

THE 4 STEP PROCESS TO ANALYZE DILEMMAS:

1. Identify the problem:

Answer 19

Look at all angles, twists, and nuances.

Question 20

THE 4 STEP PROCESS TO ANALYZE DILEMMAS:

2. Develop Alternatives:

Answer 20

Develop solutions that represent the parties involved.

Question 21

THE 4 STEP PROCESS TO ANALYZE DILEMMAS:

3. Select the best alternative:

Answer 21

Most often based upon widely held moral standards, but our own value system may come into play

Question 22

THE 4 STEP PROCESS TO ANALYZE DILEMMAS:

4. Defend the Selection:

Answer 22

Move beyond feelings/emotions, more toward structured foundation for our ethical decisions

Question 23

ETHICAL EVALUATION:MORAL RULES

Answer 23

Some individuals and/or societies use religious writings to develop their own set of moral rules ex: ten commandments

Question 24

Even ___ have their own set of moral rules such as..

Answer 24

institutions, such as schools,

examples: no cheating, no plagarism.

Question 25

medical professions often adhere to the moral rule:

Answer 25

Do no harm

Question 26

ETHICAL EVALUATION: ETHICAL THEORIES often fall under TWO categories:

Answer 26

Consequentialism and non-consequentialism

Question 27

Consequentialism.. read example in notes -speeding?

Answer 27

OK if the end justifies the means. actions are right or wrong-according to the balance of their good and bad consequences -bad if you get caught

Question 28

Non-consequentialism | -Speeding?

Answer 28

cannot lie at any time. The end does NOT justify the end. -Always bad

Question 29

ETHICAL EVALUATIONS-OTHER METHODS Social Contract

Answer 29

Unwritten between two mutually independent persons. tech and pt recognize certain expectations of each other and act accordingly.

Question 30

ETHICAL EVALUATIONS-OTHER METHODS Ethics of Care

Answer 30

- emphasize need for accurate understanding of moral competence. - clear vision of meaning of a virtuous person - based on sympathy, compassion, love, kindness.

Question 31

ETHICAL EVALUATIONS-OTHER METHODS Rights-based Ethics

Answer 31

- based on the understanding of human rights - people have the right to make their own decisions about healthcare - based on rights of life, liberty, expression, and property.

Question 32

ETHICAL EVALUATIONS-OTHER METHODS Principal-based Ethics or (principalism)

Answer 32

the use of moral principles or ethical principles. (universal guide to action: basis of moral thought in healthcare)

Question 33

Principal-based Ethics: | 1. Beneficence:

Answer 33

Bring about good. Perform acts that benefit others

Question 34

Principal-based Ethics: | 2. non-Maleficence:

Answer 34

Prevent harm. Never perform acts that harm pt. | Ex: ordering unnecessary radiological exams

Question 35

Principal-based Ethics: 3. Autonomy: -Drives the need for...

Answer 35

Address concepts of respect. One individual cannot force another to make a choice against his/her will -Self-reliance- Pt decides what is done to his/her person.

Question 36

Principal-based Ethics: | 4. Veracity:

Answer 36

Telling the truth. This is what is expected.

Question 37

Principal-based Ethics: | 5. Fidelity:

Answer 37

Being faithful. Perform acts that observe covenants or promises.

Question 38

Principal-based Ethics: | 6. Justice:

Answer 38

Acting with fairness or equity. Perform acts that ensure fair distribution of goods (ex: donor list, medicare)

Question 39

Duties:

Answer 39

obligations placed based on so-called moral bonds of our independence with others.

Question 40

Ethical Outrage

Answer 40

gross violations of commonly held standards of decency or human rights.

Question 41

Ethics of care:

Answer 41

ethical reflections that emphasize an intimate personal relationship value system that includes virtues such as sympathy, compassion

Question 42

Liberal Individualism:

Answer 42

basis for rights-based ethical theory; individual is protected and allowed to pursue personal projects

Question 43

Moral Principles:

Answer 43

general, universal guides to action that are derived form so-called "basic moral truths" that should be respected unless morally compelling reason exists not to do so (ethical principles)

Question 44

Moral Rights:

Answer 44

rights of individuals or groups that exist separately from governmental or institutional guarantees.

Question 45

Moral Rules:

Answer 45

statements of right conduct governing individual actions

Question 46

norms

Answer 46

standards set by individuals or groups of individuals

Question 47

Values:

Answer 47

ideals and customs of a society toward which the members of a group have an affective regard.

Question 48

Value System:

Answer 48

collection or set of values that an individual or group has as each person's personal guide.

Question 49

Virtues:

Answer 49

traits of character that are socially valued, such as courage