Chapter 22 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
A
O2 + C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O + energy
2
Q
endothermic
A
keep at constant temp
3
Q
major function of respiratory system
A
supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2
4
Q
4 processes of respiration
A
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Transport of respiratory gases
- Internal respiration
5
Q
Pulmonary ventilation
A
- Air in and out of lungs
- Gets air there and out
6
Q
External respiration
A
- Movement of O2 from lungs to blood and CO2 from blood to lungs
- Cross simple squamous barrier
7
Q
Transport of respiratory gases
A
Transport of O2 from lungs to tissue cells and CO2 from tissue cells to the lungs via cardiovascular system
8
Q
Internal respiration
A
- Movement of O2 from blood to tissue cells and of CO2 from tissue cells to blood
- Cross simple squamous barrier
9
Q
respiratory system responsible for…
A
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
10
Q
respiratory and circulatory systems are….
A
closely coupled and if either system fails the body’s cells begin to die from oxygen starvation.
11
Q
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
A
- nose/nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
12
Q
external
A
nose/nasal cavity
13
Q
internal
A
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
14
Q
two zones
A
- respiratory
- conducting
15
Q
respiratory zone
A
- actual site of gas exchange
- single cell carrier
16
Q
conducting zone
A
- other respiratory passageways
- function to cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air
17
Q
nose/nasal cavity function
A
- provide airway for respiration
- moistens and warms entering air
- filters and cleanse inspired air
- serves as resonating chamber for speech
- houses olfactory receptors
18
Q
external nose
A
made mostly of cartilage with nostrils or nares
19
Q
internal nasal cavity
A
- separated by nasal septum (separate)
- contains vibrissae (nose hair)
- lined with 2 types of mucous membranes
- Ciliated cells of mucosa
- Nasal mucosa richly supplied with sensory nerve endings
- Area rich in capillaries and veins
20
Q
2 types of mucous membranes
A
- olfactory mucosa
- respiratory mucous
21
Q
respiratory mucous
A
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells
22
Q
olfactory mucosa
A
smell receptors
23
Q
lysozome
A
antimicrobial enzymes
24
Q
goblet cells
A
secrete about a quart of mucous per day containing l
25
Ciliated cells of mucosa
create a gentle wave current that moves contaminated mucous to throat for swallowing
26
what damages ciliated cells of mucosa?
smoking/smoker's cough
27
what makes ciliated cells of mucosa not work so well?
in winter this wave current doesn't work as efficiently and mucous accumulates and runs out of nose (why we often have a running nose on very cold days, breathe in cold air, cilia is slowed down), 1-3cm/hour
28
Nasal mucosa richly supplied with sensory nerve endings...
which will violently expel any irritating particles (sneeze, estimated to be about 100mph)
29
why is it easy for nose to bleed?
Area rich in capillaries and veins than underlie nasal epithelium and warm incoming air
30
rhinitis
caused by cold viruses, streptococcal bacteria, allergens; inflammation of nasal mucosa with excessive mucous production, nasal congestion, postnasal drip
31
sinusitis
rhinitis sometimes spreads to sinuses, often leads to sinus headaches
32
pharynx
- throat
| - Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
33
The pharynx is divided into three regions
- nasophrynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
34
Nasopharynx
- Posterior to nasal cavity
- Serves only as air passageway
- During swallowing, soft palate and uvula move superiorly, an action that closes off nasophraynx preventing food from entering
- High on back wall, pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids trap and destroy pathogens entering via air
35
nasopharynx homeostatic imbalances
- Auditory tubes (drain ear cavities and equalize pressure) open into nasopharynx
- Sometimes adenoids can be infected and must be removed
36
major portal of entry into body
nasopharynx
37
oropharynx
- posterior to oral cavity
- air and food passageway
- contains other tonsils
38
laryngopharynx
air and food passageway
39
voice box
larynx
40
larynx anatomy
- attaches to hyoid bone
| - continuous with trachea
41
larynx functions
- provide open pathway
- Act as switching mechanism to route air/food into proper "tubes"
- voice production
42
Adam's apple
Laryngeal prominence
43
epiglottis
cartilaginous, directs food/air
44
epiglottis during swallowing...
food has the "right of way" and air passage stops
45
epiglottis during air flow...
inlet to larynx is wide open and epiglottis projects upward
46
During swallowing, larynx pulled...
superiorly and epiglottis tips to cover laryngeal inlet; purpose to prevent anything except air in trachea - not perfect and when fails, cough reflex
47
Cilia help move mucous away from lungs, sometimes we help by...
clearing our throats
48
vocal folds
Voice production: release of air and open/closing of glottis
49
Laryngitis
inflammation of vocal folds; swelling interferes with vibrations of glottis
50
Can you breathe and swallow at the same time?
Not possible
51
trachea
- ends by dividing into two main bronchi
| - has cartilaginous rings to keep it open
52
wind pipe
trachea
53
obstruction/choking
Heimlich maneuver, air in lungs is forced out
54
smoker's cough
Smoking destroys cilia and results in a cough
55
bronchi
together called bronchial or respiratory tree
56
bronchi - conducting zone
- r/l primary bronchi (division of trachea)
| - Once inside lungs, subdivides into secondary and tertiary bronchi, smaller and smaller
57
bronchioles
smallest bronchi, less than 1 mm thick
58
alveoli
- bronchi
- respiratory zone
- thin walled air chambers, site of gas exchange
- About 300 million alveoli in lungs
59
alveolar sacs
clusters of alveoli
60
respiratory membrane
- Actual site of gas exchange
- about 0.5 um thick blood/air barrier
- simple diffusion
61
alveolar macrophage
protect alveoli, major site of invasion
62
lungs - anatomy
- Paired, suspended in fluid-filled pleural cavity
- Because heart is located slightly off center, lungs differ slightly in shape/size with L being smaller than R
- Subdivided into lobes
63
apex
Top of lung just deep from the clavicle
64
pulmonary circulation
Blood to be oxygenated in lungs
65
bronchial circulation
- provides oxygenated systemic blood to lungs
| - arises from aorta
66
pleurae
- Thin membraned, fluid-filled sacs containing lungs
| - Allows system to be pressurized
67
pleurisy
inflammation of pleurae
68
breathing has two phases
- inspiration
| - expiration
69
atm
atmospheric pressure
70
hg
mercury
71
1 atm
760 Hg
72
760 Hg
normal pressure at sea level
73
Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul)
- always eventually equals atmospheric pressure
- Open airway, lungs open to outside through the trachea
- Intrapulmonary pressure is pressure with the lungs
74
Intrapleural Pressure (Pip)
- always about 4mm Hg less Ppul (that is, negative)
- Pressure between pleural cavity and lungs
- Does not equal atmospheric pressure because it is not open to outside
75
Maintenance of this negative pressure differential is VITAL
any situation that causes the Pip to equal the Ppul causes an immediate lung collapse (air enters through a gun shot wound for instance)
76
pneumothorax
presence of air in the intrapleural space, need to get air out and inflate lung
77
inspiration
- thoracic cavity volume increases (due to action of diaphragm, other muscles) and Ppul drops, air rushes in
- Forced inspiration involves more muscles and greater air movement
78
expiration
- passive; as thoracic cavity relaxes, volume decreases and Ppul rises, air rushes out
- Forced expiration involves contraction of muscles to drop volume
79
tidal volume
In normal quiet breathing, we moved 500mL of air
80
inspiratory reserve volume
Can inhale an additional 2100-3200 mL if forced
81
expiratory reserve volume
Can exhale an additional 1000-1200mL after the 500mL tidal
82
residual volume
Even after exercise, about 1200mL remains in your lungs
83
total lung capacity
6000mL
84
spirometer
measures respiratory volume
85
Oxygen Transport
98.5% carried hemoglobin (RBCs) with 1.5% dissolved in plasma
86
Breathing pure O2 at a high pressure...
is toxic at prolonged periods due to free radical formation (affects CNS) / short tem is not toxic
87
hypoxia
inadequate O2 delivery to tissues
88
Death by CO
hemoglobin has 200x greater affinity for CO than O2; why so dangerous; causes headaches and confusion / silent killer
89
CO2 transport
- 8% dissolved in plasma
- 20% bound to hemoglobin
- 70% as bicarbonate ion
90
CO2 transport - hemoglobin
- CO2 dissociates rapidly from hemoglobin in lungs were Pco2 of alveolar is lower than blood
- CO2 is loaded from tissues where Pco2 is higher than that in blood
91
Control of Respiration
- neuronal control at medulla/pons
| - Body has numerous sensors that detect O2, CO2, other levels
92
hyperventilation
increase rate and depth of breathing, may be triggered by anxiety or other conditions, can faint due to low CO 2 levels hence breathing into a bag helps
93
Dividing "the bends"
- Solubility of N2 gas in blood greatly increases with pressure, if decrease the pressure too quickly, N2 gas bubbles/"boils" out of the blood causing blood clot
94
Acute mountain sickness
- headaches, nausea, dizziness, shortness breath
| - due to lower O2 in higher elevations
95
Emphysema
permanent enlargement of the alveoli
96
Chronic bronchitis
- Chronic excessive mucus production
- Inflammation and fibrosis of that mucosa
- Obstruct airways and impair lung ventilation/gas exchange
- Inhaler is often given to treat
97
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Chronic bronchitis + emphysema
| - Inability to force air out of the lungs, irreversible
98
Asthma
- acute obstructive disorder as comes/goes
- 1/10 people suffer from it
- Carry inhalers to help open airways
- autoimmune disease
99
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
| - Estimated 1/3 of world's population is infected, but may not show symptoms due to massive immune response
100
Lung cancer
- leading cause of cancer death in US
- Particulate matter that can do things
- Mine workers, doesn't have to be from smoking
101
9/11 syndrome
first responders (police/firemen) did not have masks, clouds of dust, particles in dust (vaporized metal, paper, human remains, etc…), marked as a real condition now by CDC
102
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
excess, thick mucous production
