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A&P II > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

part of the food we eat is converted to…

A
  1. build cellular structures
  2. replace tissue
  3. synthesize functional molecules
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2
Q

most nutrients we ingest are used as…

A

metabolic fuels

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3
Q

nutrients are…

A

oxidized and transformed into ATP

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4
Q

energy

A
  • kcal

- amount of heat required to convert 1 kg of water 1 degree C

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5
Q

nutrient

A

substances in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance and repair

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6
Q

examples of nutrients

A

carbohydrate, lipid, protein, mineral, vitamin and water

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7
Q

marcromolecule

A

carbohydrate, lipid, mineral and nucleic acid

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8
Q

essential nutrient

A

cannot be synthesized by the body at all, or cannot be synthesized in amounts adequate for good health therefore must be obtained from the diet

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9
Q

where do you carbohydrates come from?

A

except for lactose and small amounts of glycogen from meat, most comes from plants

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10
Q

what is the most important monosaccharide?

A

glucose

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11
Q

what is glucose used for?

A

used as fuel to produce ATP and build the body, assimilation

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12
Q

how does the body monitor/regulate blood glucose levels?

A

insulin and glucagon hormones

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13
Q

what is excess glucose?

A

glucose that is not needed for ATP synthesis

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14
Q

what happens to excess glucose?

A

converted to glycogen/fat and stored (round two storage)

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15
Q

saturated fat

A

animal sources and solids at room temperature

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16
Q

unsaturated fat

A

plant sources and liquid at room temperature

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17
Q

where is cholesterol made?

A

in the body

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18
Q

what is cholesterol needed for?

A
  1. not used for energy
  2. used as stabilizing agent for membranes
  3. used as precursor for molecules (hormones, vit D)
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19
Q

Dietary fats are essential for?

A
  1. absorption of fat soluble molecules
  2. fuel for certain cells/skeletal muscles
  3. synthesis of phospholipids
  4. adipose tissue
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20
Q

adipose tissue

A

protect/cushion, insulate and source of fuel

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21
Q

what are the highest source of protein?

A

animal sources

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22
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

amino acid building blocks

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23
Q

how many essential amino acids are there?

A

20

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24
Q

proteins are important structural material of body including…

A
  1. keratin in skin
  2. collagen/elastin in connective tissue
  3. muscle proteins
  4. enzymes
  5. hormones
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25
what are the muscle proteins?
myosin and actin
26
vitamins
potent organic compounds needed for growth/health in minute amounts
27
vitamin water-soluble
dissolves in blood
28
vitamin lipid-soluble
must have a carrier
29
most vitamins function as...
coenzymes
30
where is vitamin D made?
- skin - comes from within - kidney and liver
31
where are vitamin B/K made?
GI tract by bacteria
32
where do you acquire vitamins?
diet
33
are vitamins made by the body?
most are not
34
what does the body convert beta-carotene to?
vitamin A
35
what does vitamin B complex do?
- metabolism - synthesis of compounds - energy production
36
what are vitamin C, E and A?
antioxidants
37
what are antioxidants?
neutralize free radicals
38
what are minerals?
- chemical elements needed by the body for normal physiology | - small inorganic compound from periodic table
39
minerals together make up...
4% of body weight, most from Ca/P in bone
40
trace elements are needed in...
minute amounts
41
calcium (CA)
- bone and tooth formation - blood clotting - nerve muscle function
42
phosphorus (P)
- bone and tooth formation - acid-base balance - nucleotide synthesis
43
potassium (K)
- acid-base balance - water balance - nerve function
44
sulfur (S)
component of amino acid
45
sodium (Na)
- acid-base balance - water balance - nerve function
46
chlorine (Cl)
- acid-base balance - formation of gastric juice - nerve function - osmotic balance
47
magnesium (Mg)
- cofactor | - ATP, bioenergetics
48
fiber
- really a waste product - nutrient?? - product of digestion - maintain a healthy colon
49
water
body is 60-70% water
50
high fructose corn syrup
- fructose, very sweet - artificial - more fructose than normal - no FDA regulation - bad part is that it is an increased amount of carbohydrate
51
omega-3 fatty acid
plant/animal based
52
margarine
- one chemical away from plastic | - partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, pushing it toward trans fat
53
metabolism
sum of all biochemical reaction in the body
54
2 divisions of metabolism
1. anabolism | 2. catabolism
55
anabolism
- building up reactions - large molecules/structures are built from smaller ones - anabolic steroids and growth hormones
56
example of anabolism
amino acids making up proteins
57
catabolism
- breaking down reactions - breaks down complex structures - hydrolysis of foods in digestion
58
what are the three stages of energy processing?
- digestion - anabolism/catabolism - cellular respiration
59
cellular respiration
- food (fuel) is broken down and ATP formed
60
on average, cells burn through...
1 billion molecules of ATP every 30 seconds
61
each ATP molecule is recycled over...
100x each day
62
3 stages of cellular respiration
1. glycolysis 2. Kreb's cycle 3. electron transport chain
63
glycolysis
- glucose is broken - produces small amount of ATP, some NADH - happens outside of mitochondria
64
kreb's cycle
- cyclic reaction - produces small amount of ATP, some FADH2/NADH - happens in mitochondria
65
other names for kreb's cycle
- TCA | - citric acid
66
electron transport chain
- FADH2/NADH enters and produces large amount of ATP | - O2 is "final electron receptor"
67
another name for electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
68
metabolism of lipids/proteins
- breakdown products enter at different stages | - for lipids, only triglycerides are routinely used for energy
69
lipogenesis
formation and storage of trigylcerides; when ATP and glucose are high; stored mostly as subcutaneous tissue
70
lipolysis
breakdown of those stored fats to glycerol and fatty acids
71
lipoprotein
fats and cholesterol cannot travel directly in blood, use lipoprotein
72
division/carriers of lipoproteins
1. HDL (high density lipoprotein) | 2. LDL (low density lipoprotein)
73
HDL
- bind to/transport excess cholesterol away from tissue to liver for break down - good - greater than 50 - 60
74
LDL
- bind to/transport cholesterol to tissues - bad - less than 70 - 100
75
total cholesterol
less than 200

A&P II (3 decks)

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