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Bio 111 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathogens

A

harmful disease causing agents

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

-Single celled
-composed of prokaryotic cells

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3
Q

Virsues

A

Not cells they are very small and contain DNA and RNA in protein capsules and must enter a cell

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4
Q

Fungi

A

composed of eukaryotic cells that have a cell wall external to the plasma membrane

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5
Q

Protozoans

A

microscopic unicellular eurkaryotic
organisms that lack a cell wall
-Intra or extracellular
-This enters the blood

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6
Q

Prions

A

small fragments of proteins that cause disease in nervous tissue

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7
Q

Innate immunity

A

-what you are born with. IT provides multiple components that protect against a wide array of substances

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8
Q

1st line of defence

A

Skin and mucosal membrane (prevent entry)

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9
Q

2nd line of defence

A

Nonspecific internal defenses
-Immune response (ex macrophages, NK cells)
-Chemical (inferno or complement)
-Physiologic responses (inflammation)
-Plasma membrane

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10
Q

Skin

A

-1st defense
-Physical barrier of epidermis & dermis
-Sweat & sebaceous glands release antimicrobials
-importance evident with burn victim

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11
Q

Mucous membrane

A

-line body openings
-Mucus and antimicrobial secretions (Defensins, lysozyme, IgA , acid)
-Various other mechanisms and secretions in different body areas (cilia and resp)

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12
Q

Defensins

A

small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, and fungi. They are host defense peptides, with members displaying either direct antimicrobial activity, immune signaling activities, or both.

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13
Q

lysozyme

A

protein present in many mucosal secretions (tears, saliva, and mucus) and tissues of animals and plants, and plays an important role in the innate immunity, providing protection against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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14
Q

Selected immunity

A
  1. Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells)
    Apoptosis-initiating (NK cell)
    Parasite-destroying (eosinophils)
    Proinflammatory chemical-secreting (basophils, mast cells)
  2. Inflammation
  3. Antimicrobial proteins (inferons)
  4. Fever
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15
Q

Phagocytes include

A

-Dendritic cell
-infectious agent engulfed
-Macrophages
-Phagosomes
-Lysosomes
-Phagolysomes destroy infectious agent
-They engulf foreign substances

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16
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cells that phagocytose pathogens & display antigens on their surface that are recognized by T cells (adaptive)

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17
Q

Selected Immune cells: NK cells

A

Circulate in blood and accumulate in 2nd lymphoid structures

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18
Q

Selected immune cells: parasite destroying

A

Degranulate & release cytotoxic chemicals that create pores in parasite cells

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19
Q

Selected immune cells: Pro-inflammatory chemical secreting

A

-Chemical alarm
-Vasodilation goes up, local blood flow goes up
-FLuid clotting factors exudate
-Increased movement of fluid from blood to injury tissue
-Increased chemotaxis to attract immune cell decrease inflammation

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20
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Refers to the directional migration of cells in response to chemical gradients

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21
Q

Histamine source

A

mascells and basophil granules

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22
Q

Histamine physiological effects

A

Vasodilation of local arterioles = increased blood flow
Permeability of local capillaries = increased exudate (fluid with clotting factors & antibodies)
Chemotaxis of leukocytes

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23
Q

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes source

A

Produced from a component in all cell membranes by actions of neutrophils, basophils & others

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24
Q

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes effect

A

Vasodilation of local arterioles = increased blood flow
Permeability of local capillaries = increased exudate (fluid with clotting factors & antibodies)
Chemotaxis of leukocytes and increased pain

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25
kinins (bradykinin) source
Precursor protein is cut by enzyme in saliva, plasma, urine & neutrophils to become active kinins
26
Kinins effect
Vasodilation of local arterioles = increased blood flow Permeability of local capillaries = increased exudate (fluid with clotting factors & antibodies) Chemotaxis of leukocyte and increased daub and chemotaxis creates more kinins
27
Complement proteins source
Blood
28
Complement protein effect
O-ICE: Opsonization increases phagocytosis Intensifies inflammation Cytolysis lyses pathogens Elimination of antibody complexes aids in the adaptive immune response
29
Cytokines (see slide 46 for details) Interferons (IFNs) Interleukins (ILs) Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) (source)
Many cells including T-cells, dendritic cells & macrophages
30
Cytokines (see slide 46 for details) Interferons (IFNs) Interleukins (ILs) Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs)
Enhances inflammation Mainly involved in cell-mediated (T-cell) adaptive immunity
31
Four cardinal signs of Inflammation
Redness: increased blood flow Heat: Increased blood flow and metabolic activity Swelling: Increase fluid loss from capillaries to tissue Pain: Pro-inflammatory chemical activation of complement and compression due to increased fluid
32
CAM
Cell adhesion molecules
33
Inflammation step 1
1. release of inflammatory and chemotactic factors
34
Inflammation step 2
Vascular changes -vasodilation of arterioles -increase in capillary permeability -Display of CAMS
35
Inflammation step 3
Recruitment of leukocytes -magination -Diapendesis -chemotaxis Stick, squeeze, scoot Fluid clotting
36
Antimicrobial proteins: Complient system
Increase inflammation, elimination of immune capsule, opsonization, cytolysis
37
How does Increased inflammation happen
Mast cells, basophils, neutrophils and macrophages
38
What is the purpose of a fever
-mobilizes defences accelerates repairs inhibits pathogens -Increased metabolic rate to speed healing -Inhibit bacterial growth
39
Levels of fever
Low-grade: 38-38.3oC Intermediate grade: 38.8oC High-grade: 39.4-40oC; Dangerous high-grade: >40oC
40
T Lymphocytes
Effective against antigens within cells regulate antigen presenting cells
41
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
involved in directly killing intracellular pathogens and eliminating mutated and cancerous cells
42
B lymphocytes
(provide antibody mediated immunity) effective antigen outside cells does not require antigen presenting cells
43
Adaptive vs Innate
Adaptive has 1. Specificity (response to Ag) 2. Uses lymphocytes (Many different lymphocytes each specific for particular ag) 3. has memory (activation, clones, memory, fast) 4. Is systemic (not restricted to site of injury circulation in blood lymph
44
Antigens are
self generating Any substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses Usually a protein or large polysaccharide not normally found in the body
45
Foreign antigens
bind immune components (Different from body molecules)
46
Self antigens
Do not bind immune components (Own nodes molecule)
47
Autoimmune disorder
Immune system reacts self as if it was foreign
48
Immunogenicity
ability of an antigen to trigger lymphocyte proliferation (multiplication)
49
Hapten
small molecule that cannot be an antigen on its own, bind to self protein become immunogenic and harmful
50
Antigenic determinant
-also known as an epitope= specific site on antigen recognized by receptors on immune cells. -Each has a different shape -Pathogens can have multiple determinants -can be recognized by many antibodies
51
Self-Antigens & Major Histocompatibility (MHC) Proteins
MHC proteins are one of many that identify a cell as self -have genetically determined structure that is unique to individual -MHCs can bind either a self or foreign antigen & display it on the cell surface
52
Lymphocytes Life cycle
1. formation 2. Maturation 3. seeding 4. Antigen encounter and activation 5. Proliferation and differentiation
52
Who does T cells bind to
T-cells can only bind antigens that are presented to them on MHC proteins
53
Lymphocyte Maturation
-Educated as they mature -Immunocomptence becomes able to recognize one specific antigen -Self tolerance is unresponsive to self antigens
54
Lymphocyte Formation
B & T-cells originate in red bone marrow
55
Lymphocyte Seeding (colonization)
Immunocompetent, naïve B & T-cells seed the 2nd lymphoid -circulate to increase chance that they will find their antigen
56
Antigen encounter and activation
Antigen binding selects that cell for further development = clonal selection -activation if signal are present
57
Lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation
-Lymphocytes multiply rapidly once activated making identical clones of itself -Most become effector lymphocytes and do the work -Some become memory lymphocytes and circulate constantly "patrol"
58
Antigen Presenting cells (APCs)
Dendrite, macrophages, B lymphocytes
59
Dendrite cells
Found at body’s frontiers Internalize pathogens & migrate to Lymphnodes Most important way of ensuring T-cells encounter antigens
60
Macrophages
-there is a wide distribution they engulf and eliminate infected cells
61
B-Lymphocytes
-Cannot activate naive T cells -Can only present to helper Cells to assist in their own activation
62
Humoral Immunity Primary response
100 000 receptor cells activated B cells Plasma cells (effector B) Secreted antibodies antigens binds to receptors on V cell Proliferation to form clots Memory B cells primed to respond to same antigen
63
Humoral secondary response
(could be years later) Clone of the cell indexical to ancestor Subsequent challenges by same antigen results in large fast response
64
Active Immunity
-Production of memory cells due to contact with antigens
64
Primary and Secondary Response
Primary: 3-6 days activation, proliferation, differentiation into plasma cell Secondary: Lower (shorter) lag time due to memory B cells
65
Naturally Acquired active immunity
-Direct exposure to antigen following entry of the pathogens into the body naturally
66
Articfically acquired Active immunity
Antigen exposure from vaccine
67
Passive immunity
-No production of memory cells, antibodies from another person or an animal
68
Naturally acquired passive immunity
transfer is mother to child across the placenta or breast milk
69
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Transfer of serum containing antibody from another person or animal (Rabies vaccine, snake venom antibodies)
70
Antibody
immunoglobulin (Ig) proteins produced against a specific, soluble antigen (i.e., those in the blood & lymph)
71
Antibody structure
4 polypeptide chains Variable region, constant region,
72
Immunoglobulin classes
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE)
73
IgM
(pentamer) B-cell antigen receptor First antibody produced during primary response Readily activates complement Potent agglutinating agent Only fetal antibody
74
IgA
Secretory IgA in body secretions – sweat, saliva, intestinal juice, milk Stops pathogens from attaching to mucous membranes & epidermis (DIMER)
75
IgD
Monomer (B cell antigen receptor)
76
IgG
Monomer Most abundant antibody in plasma (75-85%) Main antibody of secondary response Readily activates complement Can cross placenta – passive immunity to fetus
77
IgE
Monomer Stem binds to mast cells & basophils Antigen binding triggers release of chemicals from granules – histamine etc. Levels rise during severe allergic reactions
78
Neutrolization
Antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin
79
Agglutination
(elimination of bacteria) Antibody cross-link cells forming a clump. Easier for phagocytes to see and eat
80
Precipitation
Antibody cross-links circulating particles forming an insoluble antigen-antibody complex
81
Antibody targets and functions
Antigen-antibody complexes inactivate targets & tag them for elimination by innate immune and adaptive system -3 are due to Antigen-antibody binding -3 are due to exposure of Fc region after antigen-antibody binding -
82
Opsonization
Fc region of antibody binds to receptors of phagocytes cell triggering phagocytosis
83
Complement fixation
Fc region of antibody binds complement proteins complement is activated
84
Activation of NK cells
Fc region of antibody binds to an NK cell, triggering release of cytotoxic chemicals
85
Types of T cells and function
CD4 Helper Cell (Th) -Helps activate B cells, Cells, macrophages, innate immune system -Releasing cytokines (don't fear If any villain dare invade I will come to the rescue) and CD8 Cytotoxic (killer) T cell (Tc) Kill apoptosis perforin granzymes (find and kill)
86
Major categories of Cytokines
Interleukin, Tumor necrosis factor, Colony stimulating factor, interferon Released from one cell & bind to receptors of target cells Cell that released it (autocrine) Local cells (paracrine) Distant cells after circulating through blood (endocrine) Have short half-life
87
Interleukin (IL)
-regulates immune cells, T-lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and other various cells -IL followed by a number
88
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Destroys tumour cells, T-Lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells TNF followed by a greek letter
89
Colony stimulating factor
Stimulates leukopoesis in bone marrow to increase synthesis of a specific type of leukocytes first letter and then followed by CSF
90
Inferons
Interferes with replication of pathogens that enter cells -infected cell, NK cells, T-Lymphocytes -IFN followed by a greek letter
91
Response of CD4 Helper Lymphocyte
1. first signal CD4 binds with MHC class II molecule of APCc, TCR interacts with antigen within MHC class II molecule -Activated helper T Lymphocytes form a clone of activated and memory helper T Lymphocytes IL 2 released from helper TLymphocutes bind to promote proliferation

Bio 111 (4 decks)

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