Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 111 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

Is gas exchange: O2 and CO2
Occurs between atmosphere and body cells. Cells need O2 for aerobic ATP production and need to dispose of CO2 that process produces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

respiratory system

A

provides the means for gas exchange
Consists of respiratory passageways in head, neck, and trunk, and the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

General function of Respiratory system

A

1 Site for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
(O2 diffuses from alveoli to blood)
(C02 diffuses from blood to alveoli)
2. Air passageway between atmosphere and lungs
3. Detection of odors (olfactory receptors)
4. Sound production (vocal cords of the larnynx vibrate as air move over them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Upper Respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lower Respiratory tract

A

Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Respiratory Bronchiole, Laveolar duct, Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Respiratory Mucosa composed of

A

Epithelium resting on a basement membrane and an underlying lamina proprietary composed of areolar connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Respiratory Mucosa layers

A

-Muscous (Mucin and H2O)
-Cilia (sweep muscus and microorganisms)
-Epithelium
-Basement membrane
-Lamina propria (mucous and serous glands, watery secretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

-Lines the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea, inferior portion of larynx, main bronchi and lobar bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelial

A

Lines the segmental bronchi, smaller bronchi, and large Bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Lines the terminal respiratory bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Forms both the alveolar dots and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parts of the throat

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynopharnyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

External nose

A

Nasal bone, septal nasal cartilage, lateral cartilage, dense irregular connective tissue, nostrils (nares)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nasal Cabot

A

from nostrils (nares) to choanae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Choanae

A

paired posterior nasal apertures (openings) that lead to pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the nasal cavity do

A

Warms: extensive blood vessels
Cleans: mucus & cilia
Humidifies: secretions of nasal cavity
Turbulence by conchae enhances all three processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nasal vestibule

A

Skin & vibrissae (coarse hairs)
(coarse particles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Olfactory region

A

Olfactory epithelium odor detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Respiratory

A

Many blood vessels
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Seromucous glands in lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Conchae (turbinate bones)

A

Paired bones on lateral walls that project into nasal cavity
Divides cavity into passages called meatuses
Each is immediately inferior to its concha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Paranasal sinuses:

A

spaces within skull bones
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Mucus swept into pharynx and swallowed
Ducts connect to nasal cavity
Condition the air
Provide resonance to voice
Lighten the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 kinds of sinus

A

Frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinus, sphenoidal sinus, maxillary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pharynx:

A

funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity
Connects nasal cavity & mouth to larynx and esophagus
Wall with skeletal muscle throughout
13 c, long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nasopharnyx

A

Most superior pharyngeal region; air only; pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Soft palate & uvula elevate when swallowing
Connected to middle ear via auditory (Eustachian) tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

oropharynx

A

Middle pharyngeal region; food & air; nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Palatine tonsils on lateral walls
Lingual tonsil on posterior tongue surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Inferior, narrow pharyngeal region; food & air; nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Where respiratory & digestive systems diverge
Continuous with esophagus posteriorly
Food has right-of-way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cartilages of the Larynx

A

9 cartilages held in place by ligaments, muscles, membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Larynx (voice box)

A

Cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx & trachea
Air passageway
Switching mechanism to route air & food into the proper channels
Voice production
-Attached to hypoid bone superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Kinds of Cartilage in larynx

A

3 external unpaired: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
3 internal paired: arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
All but epiglottis are hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

largest, shield-shaped, has anterior protrusion called laryngeal prominence
(Adams apple)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

: inferior to thyroid, ring-shaped, anchored to trachea inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Arytenoid, corniculate, & cuneiform cartilages

A

form part of lateral and posterior walls of larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Epiglottis:

A

anchored to thyroid cartilage, leaf- or spoon-shaped
Projects posterosuperiorly into the pharynx
Closes over laryngeal inlet during swallowing
(Guardian of the airway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

vocal fold of the Larynx

A

(elastic fibers) under laryngeal mucosa on both sides
-Attach arytenoid to thyroid cartilage and forms vocal floss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vocal Folds and Voice Production

A

Vocal folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Airflow

A

amount of air moving in and out of lungs with each breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Glottis

A

vocal fols and opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

process of air moving in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

components of Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Airflow, Pressure Gradients, and Resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Pressure gradient

A

established between Patm & Ppul

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Airflow =

A

pressure gradient divided by resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Difference between Patm & Ppul

A

-can be changed by altering volume of thoracic cavity
-Deeper breather higher thoracic volume = lower Ppul = higher pressure gradient

41
Q

Factors that influence airflow resistance

A
  1. Bronchiole diameter (side of air passageway)(Higher resistance less air)
  2. Compliance =ease of expansion of chest cavity (elasticity of chest wall and surface tension)
42
Q

elasticity effects on airflow

A

lower elasticity, high resistance, low airflow

43
Q

Surface tension effect on airway

A

Higher surface tension, higher resistance, less airflow

44
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.

45
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air taken into lungs during a forced inspiration, following a quiet inspiration, IRV is measure of lung compliance

46
Q

Expiratrory reserve volume

A

The amount of air expelled from. lungs during a forced expiration following a quiet expiration, ERV is a measure of lung and chest wall elasticity

47
Q

Residual volume

A

the amount of air left in the lungs following an expiration

48
Q

Obstructive diseases

A

increased airway resistance and may show increased TLC, FRC, and RV

49
Q

Restructive disease

A

decreased compliance and may show less TLC FRC RV and VC

50
Q

Impiratory capacity

A

TV + IRV total ability to inspire
(3600, 2400)

51
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

ERV + IRV
Amount of air normally left residual in lungs after you expire quietly
(2400, 2800)

52
Q

Vital capacity

A

TV+IRV+ERV max amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a forced inspiration
(4800, 3100)

53
Q

Total Lung capacity

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Max amount of air that can be held
(6000, 4200)

54
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

Volume of air expired when subject takes a deep breath and forcefully exhales as maximally and quickly as possible

54
Q
A
55
Q

Forced expiratory volume

A

Percent of vital capacity that can be expelled in one second
Obstruction (more then 80%) difficult to expire
Restrictive (less then 80%) difficult to inspire
75-85%

56
Q

Anatomical dead space (Vd)

A

(150 mL) volume of air left in conducting zone after inspiration 12-20 breaths/min
TV = tidal volume (500 mL)

57
Q

Minute Ventilation (Ve)

A

Volume of air moved in & out of lungs per minute
f x TV = 12 breaths/min x 500 mL/breath = 6000 mL/min
= 6 L /min

58
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

A

Volume of air reaching the alveoli per minute
f x (TV - VD) = 12 breaths/min x (500 – 150 mL/breath)
= 12 breaths/min x 350 mL/min = 4200 mL/m = 4.2 L /min v

59
Q

Gas exchange between atmosphere & cells to meet metabolic demands Steps

A

Gas exchange between atmosphere & cells to meet metabolic demands
1. air containing O2
2. O2 moves into blood
3. Blood contains O2
4. O2 moves into systemic cells
5. CO2 moves into blood
6. Blood containing CO2
7. CO2 moves into alveoli
8. Air containing CO2

60
Q

Respiration: 4 Continuous Processes

A

Pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transport, tissue gas exchange

61
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

The total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas (i.e., its partial pressure) in the mixture
Partical pressure = total pressure of x% of the gas in the mixture = P”gas” (PO2 Pco2)

62
Q

Gases contained in air

A

N2, O2, CO2, H2O

63
Q

Patm

A

= 760 mm Hg at sea level = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH2O

64
Q

Partial pressure =

A

total pressure of mixture x % of that gas in the mixture (e.g., N2 = 760 mm Hg x 0.786 (78.6%) = 597 mm Hg)

65
Q

How does PCO2 control Ventilation

A

by changing bronchiole diameter

65
Q

How does PO2 control perfusion

A

by arteriole diameter

66
Q

Ventilation less than perfusion

A

Mismatch:causes local increase of PCO2 and decrease of PO2
-pulmonaey arterioles serving these alveoli constrict bronchioles will dilate in response to increased CO2
Match: Decreased ventilation and decreased perfusion

67
Q

Ventilation greater than perfusion

A

Increased ventilation and perfusion of alveoli causes local decrease of PCO2 and increased PO2
Pulmonary arterioles serving these alveoli dilate
Match: increased ventilation and perfusion

68
Q

Blood’s ability to transport O2 depends on

A
  1. Solubility coefficient of O2 low only 2% O2 in plasma
  2. Amount of available hemoglobin (Hb) About 98% of O2 is bound to HbHbO2 = oxyhemoglobin; HHb is deoxyhemoglobin
69
Q

Three Ways to Transport Carbon Dioxide in Blood

A

As CO2 dissolved in plasma (7%)

Chemically bound to globin of Hb (23%)
CO2 + Hb HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin)

As bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma (70%)
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Occurs inside RBC as they have the enzyme

H+ binds to Hb & buffers pH

70
Q

Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Bicarbonate

A
  1. CO2 movement CO2 diffuses into erythrocyte
  2. Formation of HCO3 and H+ once the erthycyte CO2 is joined to H2O to form carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase H2CP32 splits into biatcarbonite and hydrogen ion (C)2 + H20 H2CO3. HCO3 + H+
  3. Chloride movement HCo3 which is negatively charged exits from the erythrocyte
71
Q

Conversion of HCO3 to CO2 at pulmonary capillaries

A
  1. Chloride movement HCO3 moves into the erythrocyte as CL- moves out
  2. Formation of CO2 and H2O HCO3 recombines with H+ to form H2CO3 which dissocitates into CO2 and H2O
  3. CO2 movement CO2 diffuses our of the erythrocytes into the plasma CO2 diffuses into an alveolus
72
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) transports

A

O2 attached to iron
CO2 bound to globin
H+ ions bound to globin
Binding of one substance causes a change in shape of Hb
Influences the ability of Hb to bind or release the other two substances

73
Q

How many molecules can each Hb binds to

A

4 O2 Molecules (O2 sats)

74
Q

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

A

Relates % O2 saturation of Hb to PO2
Large changes initially with small increases in PO2
O2 loading at lungs (pulmonary capillaries) & unloading at tissues (systemic capillaries)

75
Q

What happens to PO2 when altitude goes up

A

PO2 goes down

76
Q

PO2 in blood after leaving lungs

A

104 mmHg = O2 sat =98%

77
Q

PO2 in blood after tissue gas exchange at rest

A

40 mmHg (75%)

77
Q

Oxygen Reserve

A

O2 that remains bound to Hb after passing through systemic circulation
PO2 in blood leaving lungs = 104 + 98% sat
PO2 in blood after tissue gas exchange during exercise = 20mmHg =35% O2

63% of transported O2 was released during tissue gas exchange

78
Q

Variables That Influence Hb’s Binding & Release of O2

A
  1. PO2 in blood most important
  2. Temp
  3. Blood pH (H+ binds Hb) lower pH and higher H+)
  4. Blood PCO2 (binds to Hb)
  5. Amount of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in the blood
    RBCs produce BPG as they use glucose
79
Q

Temperatures influence on hemoglobin saturation

A

More oxygen is released as temp increases

80
Q

pH influences on hemoglobin saturation

A

More oxygen is released as pH decrease

81
Q

Respiratory center

A

Autonomic nuclei of brainstem that coordinate breathing
Medulla & pons

82
Q

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A

-Inspiratory neurons excite phrenic and intercostal nerves causing contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
-Expiratory neruuons stop incporatory firing muscles relax and lungs recoil

83
Q

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A

-Inspiratory neurones only
Receives and integrates sensory inputs and relays them to VRG

84
Q

Pontine respiratory center (PRC)

A

Regulates DRG & VRG
Receives sensory inputs like DRG
Ensures smooth transaction between inspiration & expiration
Damage to this area results in long, gasping inspirations followed by occasional expirations called

85
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Most important stimulus is blood PCO2
increased stimuli, increased breathing rate and depth increased ventilation = more exhaled = homeostasis

86
Q

Central chemo receptors

A

-in medulla, monitor pH of CSF
-Changes in H+ induced by changes in blood PCO2
-Increased blood PCO2 = Diffusion into CSF = Increased conversion of CO2 to HCO3 + H+ = increased H+ = stimulation of chemoreccpetor s

87
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

In aortic arch bifurcation of common carotid arteries
Respond to H+ from sources other than PCO2 conversion
increased blood PCO2, decreased pH, or large decreased in PO2 to around 60 mm Hg (PO2 is normally ~100 mm Hg when it reaches these chemoreceptors)
Small decreased blood PO2 increased chemoreceptor sensitivity to increased blood PCO2

88
Q

Proprioceptors

A

in joints and muscles stimulated by movements increased breathing depth

89
Q

Baroreceptor

A

In visceral pleura & bronchiole smooth muscle
Stimulated when overstretched
Initiate inhalation reflex (Hering-Breuer reflex) to shut off inspiration and protect againstoverinflation of lungs

90
Q

Irritant receptors

A

in air passageways
stimulated by particulates
Causes forceful muscle contraction

91
Q

Higher Brain Centers

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system alter breathing rate & depth in response to temperature, emotions & pain via medullary respiratory center
Central cortex controls voluntary changes in breathing by directly stimulating Lower motor neurons

92
Q

Hyperventilation

A

breathing rate or depth above body’s demand
Higher Po2 Nd lower PCO2 in alveoli which increases pressure gradient between alveoli and blood = PCO2 decreases blood

93
Q

Hypocarnia

A

lower blood CO2

94
Q

Low blood CO2 causes

A

vasoconstriction

95
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

a pathology that is secondary to hyperventilation. Hyperventilation typically occurs in response to an insult such as hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, pain, anxiety, or increased metabolic demand.

96
Q

Hypoventilation

A

breathing too slow bradypnea or too shallow hypopnea
PO2 decreased and PCO2 increased in alveoli which decreased pressure between alveoli and blood and increase PCo2

96
Q

Low blood CO2 is

A

Hypercarnia

97
Q

Low blood PO2

A

Hyposemia

98
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

a state in which there is usually a failure of ventilation and an accumulation of carbon dioxide.

99
Q

Breathing and Exercise

A

-Hyperpnea to meet increased tissue needs during exercise
Depth increases rate remains the same
Blood PO2 and Blood PCO2 remain relatively constant

100
Q

The respiratory center is stimulated due to:

A

Proprioceptor stimulation in response to movement
Motor output from cerebral cortex
Conscious anticipation of exercise

Bio 111 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions