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Bio med > Chapter 2.2 Glossary > Flashcards

Chapter 2.2 Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylchlorine

A

-neurotransmitter that plays a vital role in the CNS and PNS
-important for muscle control, learning, memory, and attention
-damage will lead to MEMORY loss, possible Alzheimer’s

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2
Q

Action Potential

A

-temporary shift in the neurons mem. potential causing ion flow
-electrical impulses that move on axon when ions cross the axon membrane
-GENERATED AT AXON HILLOCK

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3
Q

Active transport

A

-requires energy ATP
-moving against the concentration gradient
-low-high

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4
Q

Afferent neuron

A

nerve fibers responsible for bringing the outside world info into the brain

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5
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

dementia
-abnormal build up of proteins in and around brain cells causing the brain to shrink.
-no known cause
-affects hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
-disrupts neuron processes

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6
Q

ALS

A

-nervous system disease that weakens the muscle, impacts movement, twitching, slurred speech, and causes balance issues

-causes are gene mutation, protein mishandling, chemical imbalance of glutamate, and possibly viruses.

-affects brain and spinal cord & voluntary control is affected

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7
Q

Association neuron

A

“Interneuron”
connects neurons to one another and helps relay information (recieve and transfer)

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8
Q

Axon

A

long single nerve cell process that conducts impulses away from the body
-passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell or to its effector

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9
Q

Axon hillock

A

where the membrane generates nerve impulses, connects soma and axon

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10
Q

Axon terminal

A

small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons. make synaptic connections with other nerve cells

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11
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)
found in retina, roof of nasal cavity, and inner ear

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12
Q

calcium ion

A

involved in electrical synapses.
when calcium ions enter the electrical syn. the cell initiates a signal. causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

maintains cell, and keeps neuron functioning effectively
houses nucleus
contains DNA

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14
Q

cell membrane

A

semipermeable
surrounds cytoplasm
“barrier”
found in all cells

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15
Q

chemical synapse

A

chemical signal (neuro trans.) is released from one cell and affects another
common
long
slower than elec.

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16
Q

dendrite

A

projections of the neuron
recieves signals (electrochem) and travels to soma

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17
Q

depolarization

A

sudden change in mem. potential
neg-pos interval change
sodium channels open

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18
Q

dopamine

A
  • feelings of pleasure and satisfaction
    helpes with movement and motivation
    CAN CAUSE ADDICTION
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19
Q

Efferent neuron

A

carrys motor info. away from CNS to the muscle and the gland of the body for instructions

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20
Q

EKG

A

Electrocardiogram (HEART)
records elec. signal from heart to check health
Electrodes on skin

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21
Q

electrical synapse

A

connection in which ions pass directly from one cell to the next via protein channels
-involves depolarization

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22
Q

endorphins

A

released during exercise, pain, excitement
-well being, euphoria,
Foods ^

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23
Q

enkephalins

A

involved with pain perception, movement, mood, behavior, reduces impact of pain

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24
Q

epilepsy

A

causes:stroke, head injury, infection, abuse, birth issues, genes
CNS affected since there is a disruption of electrical activity
seizures (weird odors) -10 year old boy

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25
epinephrine
adrenaline Fight or flight produced in exciting situations stimulates heart rate --leads to greater awareness and physical capability ( serial killer is chasing you)
26
EPSP Excitatory postsynaptic potential
more likely to fire an action potential result of activation of ligland gland
27
Excitatory
the effect a substance has on a nerve cell makes cell able to receive important information
28
exocytosis
release contents to mediate functions -release of neurotrans. -release of hormones - cells move materials from one cell to extracellular fluid
29
GABA gamma aminobutyric acid
-inhibitory neurotrans. brain -calms firing nerves to CNS -high levels= focus and relaxation, low levels = anxiety -imp. for motor control and vision
30
Gap junction
mol. like AP diffuse through Gap Junction pores in ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES current passes from cll to cell
31
glial cell
-regulates nerve firing -involved in early brain development -immune responses -provide supporting functions to the nervous system
32
glutamate
-most common neurotransmitter - involved with cognitive function, memory, learning -regulates brain development and nerve contracts
33
graded potential
changes membrane potential that vary in response to stimulus -causes depolarization
34
histamine
-acts as a neurotrans -allergic reactions -response to pathogens
35
huntington's disease
symptoms: depression, mood swings, stumbling, memory loss, involuntary movement of the hands and feet "dance like" cause: gene mutation in huntingtin affects the basal ganglia, and cortex and cognitive functions
36
hyperpolarization
change in cell mem. potential MORE NEG. -opposite of depolarization
37
impulse
-signal -travels length of nerve fiber ENDS WITH RELEASE OF NEUROTRANS.
38
inhibitory
angent slows and interferes with chemical action regulates
39
Interneuron
CNS connects neurons to one another to transfer info. "the connectors"
40
involuntary action
takes place ithout concious decision FASTER THAN VOLUNTARY
41
ISPS
inhibitory postsynaptic potential less likely to fire an action potential
42
ligand gate channel
"ionotropic receptors" -binds neurotransmitters and opens when ligand binds CHANNELS THE OPEN OR CLOSE IN RESPONSE TO CHEM MESSAGE
43
membrane potential
a potential gradient -forces ions to passively move in 1 direction
44
Monosynaptic reflex
reflex that provides direct communication with sensory and motor neurons that are involved with the muscle
45
motor neuron
controls vol & invol movements of the effector muscles and glands -upper and lower responsible for movement, both work together
46
multiple sclerosis
disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheaths of neurons NO KNOWN CAUSE -fatigue, vision, pain, depression, unsteadiness CNS is affected
47
multipolar neuron
single axon with many dendrites ++transfer the MOST info between cells
48
myelin sheath
insulating layer that forms around nerves -made of protein and fatty substance -allows for quick transmission of signals
49
neuron
info messengers uses elec. and chem. signals to transfer info.
50
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers -released from synaptic vesicle into synapse by neurons
51
nodes of ranvier
myelin sheath gapps allow the regeneration of a fast electrical impulse ~axon
52
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter/ hormone FIght or flight used to increase and maintain blood pressure
53
Nucleus
me. bound structure found in the soma contains nucleolus and chromosomes
54
oligodendrocyte
myelinating cells - CNS enables fast saltatory impulse propagation
55
parkinson's disease
loss of nerve cells in substantia, that slowly break down and die looses the ability to produce norepinephrine which controls various body functions tremor, slow movements, speech and writing worsen, balance issues
56
passive transport
membrane transport that does not require energy, it relies on the second law of thermodynamics
57
polysynaptic reflex
interneurons involved in controlling reflex between afferent and efferent signals
58
postsynaptic neuron
postsynaptic is a cell that receives information via chemical signals
59
potassium channels
control transport of potassium ions efflux from and influx into cells
60
K+ monoatomic monocation from potassium helps nerve function, fluid balance, and muscle contraction
potassium ion
61
presynaptic neuron
nerve cell that releases neurotransmitters into synapse
62
receptor cells
proteins inside or on the surface of a cell which receive signals. -allows change of activity of a cell
63
receptors
proteins inside/on the surface of a cell which receive signals.
64
reflex
protect body from potential harm involuntary response to stimulus
65
reflex arc
nerve pathway involved with a reflex action
66
refractory period
time in which a nerve cell is UNABLE to find an action potential TOWARDS END
67
repolarization
change in mem potential that returns it to neg. value after depolarization
68
resting potential
ground state for trans mem voltage
69
schwann cells
glial cell that surrounds neuron myelinating cell-PNS supports cell of peripheral neurons
70
secondary messengers
response to exposure to extracellular signaling mol. intracellular signal ing mol. related
71
sensory neuron
nerve cell activated by response to enviornment
72
seratonin
chem. carries messenger between nerves and brain throughout the body
73
Sodium channels
Na+ resiting potential generation and propagation of action potentials
74
sodium ion
helps body keep balance of fluids Homeostasis
75
sodium potassium pump
maintains asmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in cells
76
stimulus
detected by receptors on skin outside change in environment that causes a sensory reaction
77
substance
a kind of matter with uniform properties (MO)
78
summation
presynaptic neuron fires repeatedly at a high rate
79
synaptic cleft
excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents gap between pre and post synaptic cells
80
threshold
membrane voltage that must be reached in excitable cell -depolarization for action potential
81
unipolar neuron
cell body with one axon which extends into dendrites
82
vesicles
with in/ outside a cell that consists of cytoplasm enclosed by a liquid bilayer
83
voltage gated calcium channels
Ca+ depolarize membrane potential for excitability ACTION POT.

Bio med (7 decks)

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