Chapter 22-People Flashcards
(43 cards)
Who concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion? One of these laws showed the planets revolved around the sun in elliptical orbits rather than circles. Showed that Copernicus’s works were true.
Johannes Kepler
Who Discovered that the stars, the earth, and other planets revolved around the sun?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who discovered that Jupiter had four moons and the sun had dark spots? This person also noted that the earth’s moon had a rough, uneven surface, shattering Aristotle’s discoveries. Supported beliefs of Copernicus.
Galileo Galilei
Who discovered that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all mater on earth and in space? Every object in the universe attracts another.
Isaac Newton
Who believed that without government, there would be “war…of every man against every man,” and life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short?”This person also believed in the social contract, meaning people would give up their rights to a ruler in exchange for protection.
Thomas Hobbes
Who believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves? This person believed that all people are born free and equal with 3 natural rights: life, liberty, and property. They believed the purpose of government was to protect these rights, and if it failed to do so, the people could overthrow the government.
John Locke
Who believed in tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech? This person also fought against prejudice and superstition.
Voltaire
Who believed that Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day? This person proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual group from gaining total control of the government.
Baron de Montesquieu
Who believed that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness? This person viewed government as an agreement among free individuals to create a society guided by the “general will.”
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Who believed that law existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes? This person also believed that a person accused of a crime should receive a speedy trial and torture should never be an option.
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
Who was an English writer who criticized the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage. This person’s book “A Serious Proposal to the Ladies” addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women.
Mary Astell
Who believed that women need education to become virtuous and useful. This person also believed that women should be able to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Who believed that individuals acting in their own self-interest created economic progress
Adam Smith
Who spread enlightened thinking in all areas by publishing the Encyclopedia?
Denis Diderot
Who broke from traditionally ornate musical forms and developed the sonata and symphony?
Franz Joseph Haydn
Who set a new standard for elegance and originality with his varied and numerous musical composition?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Who exhibited great range in his works? This person moved from the classical style of Mozart to begin a new trend that carried music into the Age of Romanticism.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Who wrote Pamela, the first English novel?
Samuel Richardson
Who committed himself to the goal of reforming and strengthening his country? This person granted many religious freedoms, reduced censorship, Improved education and the justice system, and abolished torture; Never did anything to end serfdom because he needed the support of the wealthy landowners
Frederick The Great
Who abolished serfdom, initiated legal reforms, introduced freedom of the press, and supported freedom of religion?
Joseph II
Who tried to modernize and reform Russia according to the writings of the philosophes? Very limited reforms for the people. Did expand Russia’s border.
Catherine The Great
Who had the idea that the earth was the center of the universe, known as the Geocentric Theory?
Aristotle
Who expanded Aristotle’s Geocentric Theory?
Ptolemy
Who was a Danish scientist who recorded the movements of the planets and produced a lot of accurate data based on his observations?
Tycho Brahe
