Chapter 22: Reproductive System Health

Question 1

Nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs with age

Answer 1

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 2

Painful intercourse

Answer 2

Dyspareunia

Question 3

Impotence problems in achieving or sustaining an erection for intercourse

Answer 3

Erectile dysfunction

Question 4

Hormonal changes cause the vulva to __.

Answer 4

atrophy

Question 5

There is a ___ of the labia and loss of subcutaneous fat and hair.

Answer 5

flattening

Question 6

The vaginal epithelium becomes ___.

Answer 6

thin

Question 7

The vaginal environment is __ and more __; these changes can cause intercourse to be uncomfortable for older women.

Answer 7

drier and more alkaline

Question 8

What other 4 body parts atrophy?

Answer 8

cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

Question 9

T/F: The endometrium continues to respond to hormonal stimulation.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The fallopian tubes undergo __ and __.

Answer 10

shortening and straightening.

Question 11

The breasts sag and are less firm with age due to the replacement of __ __ by fat tissue after menopause.

Answer 11

mammary glands

Question 12

Structural changes in the seminiferous tubules include:

Answer 12

increased fibrosis, thinning of the epithelium, thickening of the basement membrane, and narrowing of the lumen.

Question 13

There is __ of the testes and a ___ in the testicular mass.

Answer 13

atrophy

reduction

Question 14

Does testosterone decrease dramatically due to age?

Answer 14

No it stays the same or decreases slightly

Question 15

An annual gynecologic examination, including a __ __, is essential for the older woman

Answer 15

Pap smear

Question 16

Women should be knowledgeable about self-examination of the ___

Answer 16

breasts

Question 17

Men with prostatic hypertrophy should be examined at least every __ months to ensure that a malignancy has not developed

Answer 17

6

Question 18

T/F: Routine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in men with no history of prostate cancer is recommended.

Answer 18

False.

Question 19

The nurse should also ensure that older men know how to perform ___

Answer 19

testicular self-examination.

Question 20

T/F: PSA testing is done routinely only when there is a history of prostate cancer, not prostate discharge.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Age-related changes to the vulva cause it to be more __ and more easily susceptible to __ and ___.

Answer 21

fragile

irritation and infection

Question 22

Vulvar problems in the older woman may reflect serious disease processes such as:

Answer 22

diabetes, hepatitis, leukemia, and pernicious anemia.

Question 23

__ __ is the term used to describe vulvar infection associated with hypertrophy or atrophy.

Answer 23

Senile vulvitis

Question 24

Incontinence and poor hygienic practices can also be underlying causes of __.

Answer 24

vulvitis

Question 25

__ is the primary symptom associated with vulvitis

Answer 25

Pruritus

Question 26

The __ is commonly the site of a vulvar malignancy

Answer 26

clitoris

Question 27

The postmenopausal woman experiences a variety of changes that affect the vaginal canal, including:

Answer 27

- reduction in collagen and adipose tissue - shortening and narrowing of the vaginal canal - decreased elasticity - fewer vaginal secretions - a more alkaline vaginal pH as a result of lower estrogen levels.

Question 28

The increased fragility of the fragile vagina in postmenopausal women increases the risk for ___

Answer 28

vaginitis

Question 29

Soreness, pruritus, burning, and a reddened vagina are symptoms, and the accompanying foul-smelling vaginal discharge is clear, brown, or white.

Answer 29

Vaginitis

Question 30

How do you treat senile vaginitis?

Answer 30

Local estrogens in suppository or cream form are usually effective.

Question 31

Nurses should advise the older woman to: | in regards to preventing vaginitis

Answer 31

- avoid douches and the use of perfumed soaps and sprays to the genitalia - wear cotton underwear - keep the genital area clean and dry - use lubricants when engaging in intercourse. - Good hygienic practices help treat and prevent vaginitis.

Question 32

Occasionally, the endocervical glands can seal over, causing the formation of __ __.

Answer 32

nabothian cysts

Question 33

With age, the cervix becomes __, and the endocervical epithelium ___

Answer 33

smaller | atrophies

Question 34

The median age for diagnosis of cervical cancer is __ , with the highest rate for this disease being among __ women, and followed by __ women

Answer 34

49 Hispanic Black

Question 35

Vaginal bleeding and leukorrhea are signs of __ __ in aged women.

Answer 35

cervical cancer

Question 36

Cancer of the endometrium primarily affects __ __.

Answer 36

older women

Question 37

Dilation and curettage are usually done to confirm this diagnosis because not all cases can be detected by Pap smears alone.

Answer 37

Cancer of the Endometrium

Question 38

This is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies.

Answer 38

cancer of the ovaries

Question 39

___ ovarian tumors commonly occur in older women

Answer 39

Benign

Question 40

___ women experience dyspareunia more frequently than women who have had children do.

Answer 40

Nulliparous

Question 41

As a result of the stretching and tearing of muscles during childbirth and of the muscle weakness associated with advanced age, __ __ is a common problem among older women.

Answer 41

perineal herniation

Question 42

3 types of perineal herniation that are most likely to occur:

Answer 42

Cystocele, rectocele, and prolapse of the uterus

Question 43

Associated with this problem are lower back pain, pelvic heaviness, and a pulling sensation

Answer 43

Perineal herniation

Question 44

Decreased fat tissue and atrophy in older women’s breasts can cause __.

Answer 44

tumors

Question 45

Breast cancer is the __ leading cause of cancer deaths.

Answer 45

2nd

Question 46

Annual mammograms are recommended for women starting at age __, and then at age __, every __ to __ years unless otherwise recommended by a health care provider.

Answer 46

40 75 2 to 3 years

Question 47

T/F: Although the incidence of breast cancer rises with age, older women are the least likely group to receive mammograms and breast examinations by a professional or to perform self-examinations of their breasts.

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Erectile Dysfunction is a problem affecting nearly half of the men over __ years of age

Answer 48

70

Question 49

Symptoms of this problem are: the enlarging prostate puts pressure on the urethra; they begin with hesitancy, decreased force of urinary stream, frequency, and nocturia

Answer 49

Benign prostate hyperplasia

Question 50

The most common prostatectomy approach used for older men with prostatism is ___ surgery.

Answer 50

transurethral

Question 51

___ is rare and appears as a painless lesion or wartlike growth on the prepuce or glands.

Answer 51

Cancer of the penis

Question 52

__ masses, usually benign, can result from conditions such as hydrocele, spermatocele, varicocele, and herni.

Answer 52

Scrotal

Question 53

Conditions of the reproductive system can be related to undiagnosed disease processes that require attention, such as __ and __.

Answer 53

diabetes and infections.

Question 54

Cancers of the female reproductive tract occur __ frequently with age

Answer 54

less

Question 55

Ovarian cancer ___ in incidence with age

Answer 55

increases

Question 56

The incidence of breast cancer __ with age

Answer 56

increases

Question 57

Occurs when the supportive tissue between a woman's bladder and vaginal wall weakens and stretches, allowing the bladder to bulge into the vagina

Answer 57

Cystocele

Question 58

An area of the wall that separate the vagina and rectum gets weak, and part of the rectum bulges into the vagina.

Answer 58

Rectococele