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HA Ch.21-24 Summer2013 > Chapter 22 The thyroid and parathyroid > Flashcards

Chapter 22 The thyroid and parathyroid Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid hormone important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

A

Calcitonin

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2
Q

Refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

A

Euthyroid

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3
Q

Oversecretion of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

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4
Q

Low phosphate level associated with hyperparathyroidism

A

hypophosphatasia

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5
Q

Udersecretion of thyroid hormones

A

Hypothyroidism

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6
Q

Small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

A

Isthmus

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7
Q

Wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

A

Longus colli muscles

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8
Q

Hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone

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9
Q

Present in small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

A

Pyramidal lobe

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10
Q

Laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

A

Serum calcium

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11
Q

Large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscles

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12
Q

Group of three muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid) that lies anterior to the thyroid

A

Strap muscles

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13
Q

Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and tiiodothyronine

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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14
Q

Remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

A

Brachial cleft cyst

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15
Q

Use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cell of a mass

A

Fine-needle aspiration

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16
Q

Disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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17
Q

Disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

A

Lymphadenopathy

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18
Q

Enlargement of the multiple parathyroid glands

A

Parathyroid hyperplasia

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19
Q

Oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

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20
Q

Enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

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21
Q

Congenital anomalies that present in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts

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22
Q

Benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

A

Adenoma

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23
Q

Rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occuring in middle age

A

Anaplastic carcinoma

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24
Q

Occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland

A

Follicular carcinoma

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25
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

A

Goiter

26
Q

Autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, bulging eyes, and cutaneous manifestations

A

Graves’ disease

27
Q

Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

28
Q

Neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

A

Medullary carcinoma

29
Q

Tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

A

Microcalcifications

30
Q

Nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

A

Multinodular goiter

31
Q

Degenerative nodules within the thyroid

A

Nodular hyperplasia

32
Q

Most common form of thyroid malignancy

A

Papillary carcinoma

33
Q

Viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

A

Subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis

34
Q

Thyroiditis

A

Inflammation of the thyroid

35
Q

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the ________ arteries and __________veins

A

Carotid arteries and jugular veins

36
Q

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the __________ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles

A

Strap

37
Q

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ________________ surface of the thyroid gland

A

Posterior medial

38
Q

The parathyroid glands are the ____________ organs of the body

A

Calcium sensing

39
Q

The parathyroid glands produce _________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

40
Q

When the serum calcium level _______, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH

A

Decrease

41
Q

PTH act on ___________, _____________, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption

A

Bone, Kidney

42
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by ________ ,hypercalcituria, and low serum level of phosphate

A

Hypercalcemia

43
Q

Primary heperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) _________ primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland

A

Adenoma

44
Q

A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is ______________ hyperpareathyroidism

A

Secondary

45
Q

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body, __________, __________, and _________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Metabolism, growth, development

46
Q

These hormones include triidothyronine (______),thyroxine (_____) and _______

A

T3, T4, and calcitonin

47
Q

The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ____________ metabolism

A

Iodine

48
Q

When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (____), which is produced by the pituitary gland

A

TSH

49
Q

The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the _________-

A

Hypothalamus

50
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by _________, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown

A

Calcitonin

51
Q

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either ____________, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production

A

Hypothyroidism

52
Q

The metabolic rate is dramatically increased __________ ; clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes)

A

Hyperthyroidism

53
Q

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by ______________

A

Nuclear medicine

54
Q

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) _________

A

Goiter

55
Q

One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is _____________

A

Multinodular goiter

56
Q

_______________ in characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes) and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet)

A

Graves’ disease

57
Q

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation in a (n)_______

A

Adenoma

58
Q

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is ______________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children

A

Papillary cancer

59
Q

The normal thyroid gland has a fine _____________ echotexture that is more echogenic that the surrounding muscle structure

A

Homogeneous

60
Q

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) ________ texture with a central core echo complex

A

Homogeneous

61
Q

The _______________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae

A

Longus colli

HA Ch.21-24 Summer2013 (4 decks)

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